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@ARTICLE{Shan:11693,
      author       = {Shan, J. and Wang, T. and Li, Ch. and Klumpp, E. and Ji,
                      R.},
      title        = {{B}ioaccumulation and {B}ound-{R}esidue {F}ormation of a
                      {B}ranched 4-{N}onylphenol {I}somer in the {G}eophagous
                      {E}arthworm {M}etaphire guillelmi in a {R}ice {P}addy
                      {S}oil},
      journal      = {Environmental Science $\&$ Technology},
      volume       = {44},
      issn         = {0013-936X},
      address      = {Columbus, Ohio},
      publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-11693},
      pages        = {4558 - 4563},
      year         = {2010},
      note         = {This study was supported by the National Natural Science
                      Foundation of China (NSFC) (grant 20977043; 20777033), the
                      Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (grant
                      2007AA06Z307), and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu
                      Province (BK2007148). Chengliang Li was supported by a
                      scholarship from the Deutscher Akademischer Aus-tauschdienst
                      (DAAD). We thank Dr. Yuanyuan Sun for measurements using the
                      biological oxidizer.},
      abstract     = {Nonylphenols (NPs) are the breakdown products of the
                      nonionic surfactants nonylphenol ethoxylates and are toxic
                      pollutants. Here we studied the bioaccumulation,
                      elimination, and biotransformation of NP (12.3 mg kg(-1)
                      soil dry weight) in a typical Chinese geophagous earthworm,
                      Metaphire guillelmi, in a rice paddy soil, using
                      4-[1-ethyl-1,3-dimethylpentyl]phenol (4-NP(111)), the main
                      constitute of technical NP, radiolabeled with (14)C.
                      Earthworms rapidly bioaccumulated (14)C-4-NP(111) following
                      a two-compartment first-order kinetics model. At steady
                      state (after 20 days exposure), the normalized biota-soil
                      accumulation factor amounted to 120, and $77\%$ of the
                      accumulated radioactivity were present as nonextractable
                      bound residues. The total radioactivity was eliminated from
                      the earthworm following an availability-adjusted decay model
                      and controlled by the elimination rate of the bound residues
                      (half-life = 22.6 days). The extractable residues consisted
                      mainly of one less-polar metabolite $(37\%)$ and polar
                      compounds $(50\%),$ including glucuronide conjugates of
                      4-NP(111) and the metabolite; and free 4-NP(111) accounted
                      for only $9\%$ of the total extractable residues. This study
                      provides the first results of the toxicokinetics and
                      biotransformation of 4-NP in a terrestrial organism, and
                      underlines the significant underestimation of the
                      bioaccumulation and risk assessment based only on free NP in
                      earthworms.},
      keywords     = {Agriculture / Animals / Autoradiography / Biodegradation,
                      Environmental / Biotransformation / Carbon Radioisotopes /
                      Chromatography, Thin Layer / Feeding Behavior: physiology /
                      Glucuronidase: metabolism / Isomerism / Kinetics /
                      Oligochaeta: metabolism / Oryza sativa / Phenols: chemistry
                      / Phenols: metabolism / Soil / Carbon Radioisotopes (NLM
                      Chemicals) / Phenols (NLM Chemicals) / Soil (NLM Chemicals)
                      / 4-nonylphenol (NLM Chemicals) / Glucuronidase (NLM
                      Chemicals) / J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-4},
      ddc          = {050},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB793},
      pnm          = {Terrestrische Umwelt},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK407},
      shelfmark    = {Engineering, Environmental / Environmental Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:20481550},
      UT           = {WOS:000278617000031},
      doi          = {10.1021/es100139w},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/11693},
}