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@ARTICLE{Ettler:12208,
      author       = {Ettler, M. and Timmermann, H. and Malzbender, J. and Weber,
                      A. and Menzler, N. H.},
      title        = {{D}urability of {N}i {A}nodes {D}uring {R}eoxidation
                      {C}ycles},
      journal      = {Journal of power sources},
      volume       = {195},
      issn         = {0378-7753},
      address      = {New York, NY [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-12208},
      pages        = {5452 - 5467},
      year         = {2010},
      note         = {The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support
                      from various Federal Ministry of Economics (BMWi) projects.},
      abstract     = {Anodes manufactured from NiO- and yttria-stabilized
                      zirconia (Y2O3 doped ZrO2, YSZ) powders are today's state of
                      the art for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) because they are
                      easy to manufacture and have high performance in both
                      anode-supported and electrolyte-supported cells. However,
                      such cells can show significant degradation or fail
                      completely if nickel is reoxidized during high-temperature
                      operation even though it can be reduced again. Tests with
                      stacks and systems have shown that system shutdown
                      procedures, accidental air entry due to component failure or
                      controlled air feed to the anode side as a result of
                      operational necessities may occur and result in the
                      reoxidation of the metallic nickel. This reoxidation is not
                      only associated with a volume expansion, but also with
                      significant structural changes in the anode microstructure,
                      generating stresses in the anode itself, as well as in the
                      electrolyte. These stresses can exceed the stability of the
                      components, potentially promoting crack growth, which leads
                      to degradation of the SOFC or complete failure.This problem
                      has been addressed by a number of contributions in the
                      literature over the last decade, but interest is increasing,
                      particularly because SOFC systems are being discussed for
                      transport and mobile applications requiring new system
                      specifications. The most critical problem to be overcome is
                      the tolerance of a large number of intentional redox cycles
                      due to system requirements during operating lifetime.This
                      article gives an overview of the various approaches to the
                      redox problem by summarizing many of the contributions,
                      starting with a basic understanding of the underlying
                      physicochemical processes of Ni reduction and oxidation and
                      ending at stack-level results, leading finally to their
                      combination with recent findings. It aims to elaborate
                      reliable results and open questions on this topic
                      considering the mechanical and electrochemical aspects of
                      the problem. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IEK-2 / IEK-1},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-1-20101013},
      pnm          = {Rationelle Energieumwandlung / SOFC - Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
                      (SOFC-20140602)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK402 / G:(DE-Juel1)SOFC-20140602},
      shelfmark    = {Electrochemistry / Energy $\&$ Fuels},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000278651100003},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.03.049},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/12208},
}