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@ARTICLE{Salzmann:12590,
      author       = {Salzmann, M. and Ming, Y. and Golaz, J.-C. and Ginoux, P.A.
                      and Morrison, H. and Gettelman, A. and Krämer, M. and
                      Donner, L.J.},
      title        = {{T}wo-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics in the
                      {GFDL} {AM}3 {GCM}: {D}escription, evaluation, and
                      sensitivity tests},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {10},
      number       = {16},
      issn         = {1680-7316},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-12590},
      pages        = {8037 - 8064},
      year         = {2010},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {A new stratiform cloud scheme including a two-moment bulk
                      microphysics module, a cloud cover parameterization allowing
                      ice supersaturation, and an ice nucleation parameterization
                      has been implemented into the recently developed GFDL AM3
                      general circulation model (GCM) as part of an effort to
                      treat aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions more
                      realistically. Unlike the original scheme, the new scheme
                      facilitates the study of cloud-ice-aerosol interactions via
                      influences of dust and sulfate on ice nucleation. While
                      liquid and cloud ice water path associated with stratiform
                      clouds are similar for the new and the original scheme,
                      column integrated droplet numbers and global frequency
                      distributions (PDFs) of droplet effective radii differ
                      significantly. This difference is in part due to a
                      difference in the implementation of the
                      Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen (WBF) mechanism, which leads to a
                      larger contribution from super-cooled droplets in the
                      original scheme. Clouds are more likely to be either
                      completely glaciated or liquid due to the WBF mechanism in
                      the new scheme. Super-saturations over ice simulated with
                      the new scheme are in qualitative agreement with
                      observations, and PDFs of ice numbers and effective radii
                      appear reasonable in the light of observations. Especially,
                      the temperature dependence of ice numbers qualitatively
                      agrees with in-situ observations. The global average
                      long-wave cloud forcing decreases in comparison to the
                      original scheme as expected when super-saturation over ice
                      is allowed. Anthropogenic aerosols lead to a larger decrease
                      in short-wave absorption (SWABS) in the new model setup, but
                      outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) decreases as well, so
                      that the net effect of including anthropogenic aerosols on
                      the net radiation at the top of the atmosphere (netradTOA =
                      SWABS-OLR) is of similar magnitude for the new and the
                      original scheme.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK491},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/12590},
}