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@ARTICLE{Tilmes:12594,
      author       = {Tilmes, S. and Pan, L.L. and Hoor, P. and Atlas, E. and
                      Avery, M.A. and Campos, T. and Cristensen, L.E. and Diskin,
                      G.S. and Gao, R.-S. and Herman, R.L. and Hintsa, E.J. and
                      Loewenstein, M. and Lopez, J. and Paige, M.E. and Pittman,
                      J.V. and Podolske, J.r. and Proffitt, J.R. and Sachse, G.W.
                      and Schiller, C. and Schlager, H. and Smith, J. and Spelten,
                      N. and Webster, C. and Weinheimer, A. and Zondlo, M.A.},
      title        = {{A}n {A}ircraft-based {U}pper {T}roposphere {L}ower
                      {S}tratosphere {O}3, {CO} and {H}2{O} {C}limatology for the
                      {N}orthern {H}emisphere},
      journal      = {Journal of geophysical research / Atmospheres},
      volume       = {115},
      issn         = {0022-1406},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {Union},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-12594},
      pages        = {D14303},
      year         = {2010},
      note         = {This work is supported in part by the National Center for
                      Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in support by the National
                      Science Foundation and by the NASA Upper Atmosphere Program.
                      Research at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory was performed
                      under contract with NASA. Thanks are also due to NCEP
                      Environmental Modeling Center (EMC) for providing
                      meteorological analysis. The authors thank Louisa Emmons and
                      Rolando Garcia for helpful comments and suggestions.},
      abstract     = {We present a climatology of O-3, CO, and H2O for the upper
                      troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), based on a large
                      collection of high-resolution research aircraft data taken
                      between 1995 and 2008. To group aircraft observations with
                      sparse horizontal coverage, the UTLS is divided into three
                      regimes: the tropics, subtropics, and the polar region.
                      These regimes are defined using a set of simple criteria
                      based on tropopause height and multiple tropopause
                      conditions. Tropopause-referenced tracer profiles and
                      tracer-tracer correlations show distinct characteristics for
                      each regime, which reflect the underlying transport
                      processes. The UTLS climatology derived here shows many
                      features of earlier climatologies. In addition, mixed air
                      masses in the subtropics, identified by O-3-CO correlations,
                      show two characteristic modes in the tracer-tracer space
                      that are a result of mixed air masses in layers above and
                      below the tropopause (TP). A thin layer of mixed air (1-2 km
                      around the tropopause) is identified for all regions and
                      seasons, where tracer gradients across the TP are largest.
                      The most pronounced influence of mixing between the tropical
                      transition layer and the subtropics was found in spring and
                      summer in the region above 380 K potential temperature. The
                      vertical extent of mixed air masses between UT and LS
                      reaches up to 5 km above the TP. The tracer correlations and
                      distributions in the UTLS derived here can serve as a
                      reference for model and satellite data evaluation.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK491},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000280328800001},
      doi          = {10.1029/2009JD012731},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/12594},
}