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@BOOK{Olszewski:128349,
      author       = {Olszewski, T.},
      title        = {{O}xidation {M}echanisms of {M}aterials for {H}eat
                      {E}xchanging {C}omponents in
                      {CO}$_{2}$/{H}$_{2}${O}-containing {G}ases {R}elevant to
                      {O}xy-fuel {E}nvironments},
      volume       = {159},
      school       = {RWTH Aachen},
      type         = {Dr.},
      address      = {Jülich},
      publisher    = {Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Zentralbibliothek, Verlag},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2013-00088},
      isbn         = {978-3-89336-837-2},
      series       = {Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich : Energie $\&$
                      Umwelt / Energy $\&$ Environment},
      pages        = {200 S.},
      year         = {2012},
      note         = {Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich; RWTH Aachen,
                      Diss., 2012},
      abstract     = {In the context of CO2 emission reduction, the oxy-fuel
                      technology provides a promising optionapplicable in
                      centralized energy production. This technology is based on
                      pulverized coalcombustion with pure oxygen instead of air.
                      Different from the conventional systems, metallicheat
                      exchanging components in the oxy-fuel plants will be
                      subjected to service environmentscontaining high amounts of
                      CO$_{2}$ and H$_{2}$O. In the present study the oxidation
                      behaviour of selected ferritic/martensitic and austenitic
                      steels as well as Ni-base alloys, which are candidate
                      materials for heat exchanging components, was investigated
                      in model gas mixtures containing high amounts of CO$_{2}$
                      and/or H$_{2}$Oat temperatures in the range of 550 to 700°C
                      and times ranging from a few up to 1000 hours. The results
                      obtained after oxidation in the simulated oxy-fuel
                      environments were compared with the behaviour in air,
                      Ar/CO$_{2}$ and Ar/H$_{2}$O gases. For studying the effect
                      of oxygen present in the real oxy-fuel atmosphere,
                      Ar/CO$_{2}$ gas was mixed additionally with different
                      amounts of O$_{2}$. It was found that in the CO$_{2}$ and/or
                      H$_{2}$O-rich gases, the ferritic/martensitic steels tended
                      to form Fe-rich oxide scales with significantly higher
                      growth rates than the Cr-rich surface scales formed during
                      air exposure. The Fe-rich scales were formed as a result of
                      a decreased flux of chromium in the bulk alloy toward the
                      surface because of enhanced internal oxidation of chromium
                      in the H$_{2}$O-containing gases and carbide formation in
                      the CO$_{2}$-rich gases. It was observed, however, that
                      martensitic steels with higher initial Cr concentration had
                      a stronger tendency to form protective Cr-base oxide scales
                      when 1 or 3\% of oxygen was added to the Ar/CO$_{2}$ gas
                      mixture. The oxide scale formation was affected by minor
                      alloying additions, especially silicon. The poorly
                      protective Fe-base oxide scales formed during exposure of
                      the ferritic/martensitic steels to simulated oxy-fuel
                      environments appeared to be permeable to CO$_{2}$ molecules
                      resulting in carburization of the steels whereby the extent
                      was reduced by increasing water vapour content in the gas
                      mixture. Carburization of 9-12\% Cr martensitic steels was
                      also found to be significantly reduced when 0.5 vol.\% of
                      SO$_{2}$ were added to oxidizing CO$_{2}$-rich environments.
                      The oxidation behaviour of the austenitic steels strongly
                      depended on the detailed alloy composition. At 550°C all
                      austenitic steels exhibited very slow scale growth rates,
                      however,at and above 600°C steels with lower Cr content
                      (17-20wt.\%) started to form multi-layered, Fe-rich oxide
                      scales whereby the outer oxide layer was prone to spalling
                      upon thermal cycling. For the 25\% Cr austenitic steel and
                      the Ni-base alloys much lower oxidation rates were observed,
                      however, presence of water vapour in combination with
                      intentionally added oxygen in the test atmosphere resulted
                      in formation of volatile chromium species. The effect of
                      surface modification was studied in the case of the 9-12\%
                      Cr and the austenitic steels with lower Cr content. At
                      higher temperatures (650-700°C) a significant improvement
                      in oxidation resistance was observed for austenitic steels
                      when cold work was applied to the surface prior to exposure
                      in CO$_{2}$/H$_{2}$O-rich atmospheres.},
      cin          = {IEK-2},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {125 - Energy-efficient Processes (POF2-125)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-125},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)3},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/128349},
}