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@ARTICLE{Werner:13127,
      author       = {Werner, A. and Volk, C.M. and Iwanova, E. and Wetter, T.
                      and Schiller, C. and Schlager, H. and Konopka, P.},
      title        = {{Q}uantifying transport into the {A}rctic lowermost
                      stratosphere},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {10},
      issn         = {1680-7316},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-13127},
      pages        = {11623 - 11639},
      year         = {2010},
      note         = {The EUPLEX campaign was funded by the European Union and
                      the ENVISAT Arctic Validation campaign was supported by the
                      European Space Agency and the German BMBF. Furhtermore, the
                      authors would like to thank the crew and pilots of the M55
                      Geophysica and all colleagues who made the campaigns a
                      success.},
      abstract     = {In the Arctic winter 2003, in-situ measurements of the
                      long-lived trace gases N2O, CFC-11 (CCl3F), H-1211
                      (CBrClF2), CH4, O-3 and H2O have been performed on board the
                      high-altitude aircraft M55 Geophysica. The data are
                      presented and used to study transport into the lower-most
                      stratosphere (LMS). The LMS can be regarded as a mixture of
                      fractions of air originating in (i) the troposphere, (ii)
                      the extra-vortex stratosphere above 400 K and (iii) the
                      Arctic vortex above 400 K. These fractions are determined
                      using a simple mass balance calculation. The analysis
                      exhibits a strong tropospheric influence of $50\%$ +/-
                      $15\%$ or more in the lowest 20 K of the high-latitude LMS.
                      Above this region the LMS is dominated by air masses having
                      descended from above 400 K. Below the Arctic vortex region
                      at potential temperatures above 360 K, air in the LMS is a
                      mixture of extra-vortex stratospheric and vortex air masses.
                      The vortex fraction increases from about $40\%$ +/- $15\%$
                      at 360 K to $100\%$ at 400 K for equivalent latitudes >70
                      degrees N. This influence of air masses descending through
                      the bottom of the polar vortex increases over the course of
                      the winter. By the end of winter a significant fraction of
                      $30\%$ +/- $10\%$ vortex air in the LMS is found even at an
                      equivalent latitude of 40 degrees N. Since the chemical and
                      dynamical history of vortex air is distinct from that of
                      mid-latitude stratospheric air masses, this study implies
                      that the composition of the mid-to high-latitude LMS during
                      late winter and spring is significantly influenced by the
                      Arctic vortex.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK491},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000285334900021},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-10-11623-2010},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/13127},
}