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@ARTICLE{Kuhn:13370,
      author       = {Kuhn, U. and Ganzeveld, L. and Thielmann, A. and Dindorf,
                      T. and Schebeske, G. and Welling, M. and Sciare, J. and
                      Roberts, G. and Meixner, F.X. and Kesselmeier, J. and
                      Lelieveld, J. and Kolle, O. and Ciccioli, P. and Lloyd, J.
                      and Trentmann, J. and Artaxo, P. and Andreae, M.O.},
      title        = {{I}mpact of {M}anaus {C}ity on the {A}mazon {G}reen {O}cean
                      atmosphere: ozone production, precursor sensitivity and
                      aerosol load},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {10},
      issn         = {1680-7316},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-13370},
      year         = {2010},
      note         = {This study was carried out as part of the Large-Scale
                      Atmosphere-Biosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA). It was
                      supported by the German Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, the Sao
                      Paulo State Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa (FAPESP), and the
                      Brazilian Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e
                      Technologica (CNPq). We thank the pilots of the INPE
                      Bandeirante aircraft for their enthusiastic and competent
                      support throughout an intensive flying campaign. We also
                      thank the National Counsel of Technological and Scientific
                      Development, Brazil, for their support including provision
                      of the aircraft; and the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da
                      Amazonia (INPA) for logistic support. We credit the NOAA Air
                      Resources Laboratory for making available the HYSPLIT model,
                      and Google Earth (TM) mapping service for providing the land
                      cover image.},
      abstract     = {As a contribution to the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere
                      Experiment in Amazonia - Cooperative LBA Airborne Regional
                      Experiment (LBA-CLAIRE-2001) field campaign in the heart of
                      the Amazon Basin, we analyzed the temporal and spatial
                      dynamics of the urban plume of Manaus City during the
                      wet-to-dry season transition period in July 2001. During the
                      flights, we performed vertical stacks of crosswind transects
                      in the urban outflow downwind of Manaus City, measuring a
                      comprehensive set of trace constituents including O-3, NO,
                      NO2, CO, VOC, CO2, and H2O. Aerosol loads were characterized
                      by concentrations of total aerosol number (CN) and cloud
                      condensation nuclei (CCN), and by light scattering
                      properties. Measurements over pristine rainforest areas
                      during the campaign showed low levels of pollution from
                      biomass burning or industrial emissions, representative of
                      wet season background conditions. The urban plume of Manaus
                      City was found to be joined by plumes from power plants
                      south of the city, all showing evidence of very strong
                      photochemical ozone formation. One episode is discussed in
                      detail, where a threefold increase in ozone mixing ratios
                      within the atmospheric boundary layer occurred within a 100
                      km travel distance downwind of Manaus. Observation-based
                      estimates of the ozone production rates in the plume reached
                      15 ppb h(-1).Within the plume core, aerosol concentrations
                      were strongly enhanced, with Delta CN/Delta CO ratios about
                      one order of magnitude higher than observed in Amazon
                      biomass burning plumes. Delta CN/Delta CO ratios tended to
                      decrease with increasing transport time, indicative of a
                      significant reduction in particle number by coagulation, and
                      without substantial new particle nucleation occurring within
                      the time/space observed. While in the background atmosphere
                      a large fraction of the total particle number served as CCN
                      (about $60-80\%$ at $0.6\%$ supersaturation), the CCN/CN
                      ratios within the plume indicated that only a small fraction
                      (16 +/- 12 $\%)$ of the plume particles were CCN. The fresh
                      plume aerosols showed relatively weak light scattering
                      efficiency. The CO-normalized CCN concentrations and light
                      scattering coefficients increased with plume age in most
                      cases, suggesting particle growth by condensation of soluble
                      organic or inorganic species.We used a Single Column
                      Chemistry and Transport Model (SCM) to infer the urban
                      pollution emission fluxes of Manaus City, implying observed
                      mixing ratios of CO, NOx and VOC. The model can reproduce
                      the temporal/spatial distribution of ozone enhancements in
                      the Manaus plume, both with and without accounting for the
                      distinct (high NOx) contribution by the power plants; this
                      way examining the sensitivity of ozone production to changes
                      in the emission rates of NOx. The VOC reactivity in the
                      Manaus region was dominated by a high burden of biogenic
                      isoprene from the background rainforest atmosphere, and
                      therefore NOx control is assumed to be the most effective
                      ozone abatement strategy. Both observations and models show
                      that the agglomeration of NOx emission sources, like power
                      plants, in a well-arranged area can decrease the ozone
                      production efficiency in the near field of the urban
                      populated cores. But on the other hand remote areas downwind
                      of the city then bear the brunt, being exposed to increased
                      ozone production and N-deposition. The simulated maximum
                      stomatal ozone uptake fluxes were 4 nmol m(-2) s(-1) close
                      to Manaus, and decreased only to about 2 nmol m(-2) s(-1)
                      within a travel distance >1500 km downwind from Manaus,
                      clearly exceeding the critical threshold level for broadleaf
                      trees. Likewise, the simulated N deposition close to Manaus
                      was similar to 70 kg N ha(-1) a(-1) decreasing only to about
                      30 kg N ha(-1) a(-1) after three days of simulation.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IEK-8},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK491},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000283066300003},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-10-9251-2010},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/13370},
}