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@ARTICLE{FernndezBayo:135016,
      author       = {Fernández-Bayo, Jesus D. and Saison, Carine and Voltz,
                      Marc and Disko, Ulrich and Hofmann, Diana and Berns, Anne
                      E.},
      title        = {{C}hlordecone fate and mineralisation in a tropical soil
                      (andosol) microcosm under aerobic conditions},
      journal      = {The science of the total environment},
      volume       = {463-464},
      issn         = {0048-9697},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2013-03020},
      pages        = {395 - 403},
      year         = {2013},
      abstract     = {Chlordecone is a persistent organochlorine insecticide
                      that, even decades after its ban, poses a threat to the
                      environment and human health. Nevertheless, its
                      environmental fate in soils has scarcely been investigated,
                      and elementary data on its degradation and behaviour in soil
                      are lacking. The mineralisation and sorption of chlordecone
                      and the formation of possible metabolites were evaluated in
                      a tropical agricultural andosol. Soil microcosms with two
                      different soil horizons (S-A and S-B) were incubated for 215
                      days with 14C-chlordecone. At five different times (1, 33,
                      88, 150 and 215 days) the extractability of 14C-chlordecone
                      was analysed. Mineralisation was monitored using 14CO2 traps
                      of NaOH. The appearance of metabolites was studied using
                      thin layer and gas chromatography techniques. At the end of
                      the experiment, the water soluble 14C-activity was $2\%$ of
                      the remaining 14C-chlordecone for S-A and $8\%$ for S-B.
                      Only $12\%$ of the remaining activity was non extractable
                      and more than $80\%$ remained extractable with organic
                      solvents. For the first time to our knowledge, a significant
                      mineralisation of chlordecone was measured in a microcosm
                      under aerobic conditions $(4.9\%$ for S-A and $3.2\%$ for
                      S-B of the initial 14C-activity). The drastically lower
                      emission of 14CO2 in sterilised microcosms indicated the
                      biological origin of chlordecone mineralisation in the
                      non-sterilised microcosms. No metabolites could be detected
                      in the soil extracts. The mineralisation rate of chlordecone
                      decreased by one order of magnitude throughout the
                      incubation period. Thus, the chlordecone content in the soil
                      remained large. This study confirms the existence of
                      chlordecone degrading organisms in a tropical andosol. The
                      reasons why their activity is restricted should be
                      elucidated to allow the development of bioremediation
                      approaches. Possible reasons are a heterogeneous
                      distribution a chlordecone between sub-compartments with
                      different microbial activities or a degradation of
                      chlordecone by co-metabolic processes controlled by a
                      limited supply of nutrients.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {245 - Chemicals in the Environment (POF2-245)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-245},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000325831200046},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.044},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/135016},
}