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000136055 1001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)VDB5379$$aMoormann, R.$$b0$$eCorresponding author
000136055 245__ $$aFission Product Transport and Source Terms in HTRs: Experience from AVR Pebble Bed Reactor
000136055 260__ $$bHindawi Publishing Corporation
000136055 29510 $$aScience and Technology of Nuclear Installations
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000136055 520__ $$aFission products deposited in the coolant circuit outside of the active core play 
a dominant role in source term estimations for advanced small pebble bed HTRs, particularly in design basis accidents (DBA). The deposited fission products may be released in depressurization accidents because present pebble bed HTR concepts abstain from a gas tight containment. Contamination of the circuit also hinders maintenance work. Experiments, performed  from 1972 to 88 on the AVR, an experimental 
 pebble bed HTR, allow for a deeper insight into fission product transport  behavior. The activity deposition per coolant pass was lower than expected and was influenced by fission product chemistry and by presence of
  carbonaceous dust. The latter lead also to inconsistencies between Cs plate out experiments in laboratory and in AVR. The deposition  behavior of Ag was in line with present models. Dust as activity carrier is of safety relevance because of its mobility and of its sorption capability for fission products.  All metal surfaces in pebble 
  bed reactors were covered by a carbonaceous dust layer. Dust in AVR was produced by abrasion in amounts of about 5 kg/y. Additional dust sources in AVR were ours oil ingress and peeling of fuel element
   surfaces due to an air ingress. Dust has a size of about 1 μm, consists mainly of graphite, is partly remobilized 
   by flow perturbations, and deposits with time constants of 1 to 2 h ours. In future reactors, an efficient filtering via a gas tight containment is required because accidents with fast depressurizations induce 
    dust mobilization. Enhanced core temperatures in normal operation as in AVR and broken fuel pebbles have to be considered, as inflammable dust concentrations in the gas phase.
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