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@TECHREPORT{Gravenhorst:136080,
      author       = {Gravenhorst, G. and Ehhalt, D. H. and Böttger, A.},
      title        = {{A}tmosphärische {K}reisläufe von {S}tickoxiden und
                      {A}mmoniak},
      volume       = {1558},
      number       = {Juel-1558},
      address      = {Jülich},
      publisher    = {Kernforschungsanlage Jülich, Zentralbibliothek, Verlag},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-136080, Juel-1558},
      series       = {Berichte der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich},
      pages        = {95,[60] p},
      year         = {1978},
      note         = {Record converted from JUWEL: 18.07.2013},
      abstract     = {The atmospheric cycles of nitrogenous trace compounds for
                      the Northern and Southern Hemisphere are discussed . Source
                      strengths and destruction rates for the nitrogen oxides: NO,
                      NO$_{2}$ and HNO$_{3}$ (NO$_{x}$), and ammonia (NH$_{3}$)
                      are given as a function of latitude over continents and
                      oceans. The global amounts of NO$_{x}$-N and NH$_{3}$-N
                      produced annually in the period 1950-1975 (34 $\pm$ 5 x
                      10$^{12}$ g NO$_{x}$-N/yr and 29 $\pm$ 6 x 10$^{12}$ g
                      NH$_{3}$-N/yr) are much less than previously assumed .
                      Globally, natural and anthropogenic emissions are of similar
                      magnitude. The NO$_{x}$ emission from anthropogenic sources
                      is 1.5 times that from natural processes in the Northern
                      Hemisphere whereas in the Southern Hemisphere it is a factor
                      of 3 or 4 less. More than 80\% of atmospheric ammonia seems
                      to be derived from excrements of domestic animals, mainly
                      cattle. Atmospheric NO$_{x}$ and NH$_{3}$ are removed from
                      the atmosphere mostly by bulk deposition : 24 $\pm$ 9 x
                      10$^{12}$ g N0$^{-}_{3}$-N/yr and 21 $\pm$ 9 x 10$^{12}$ g
                      NH$^{+}_{4}$-N/yr. Another fraction may be removed by
                      absorption on vegetation and bare soils and, in the case of
                      ammonia, by oxidation within the atmosphere.},
      cin          = {ICG-2},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB791},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)29},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/136080},
}