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@INPROCEEDINGS{Mcke:137010,
      author       = {Mücke, Robert and Menzler, Norbert H. and Vaßen, Robert
                      and Buchkremer, Hans Peter},
      title        = {{G}reen film characterisation by optical profilometry},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2013-03496},
      year         = {2013},
      abstract     = {Packing density, roughness, and drying stresses of green
                      ceramic layers determine the mechanical and micro structural
                      properties after final sintering. Utilising laser
                      profilometry, the green density of screen printed layers
                      (20-50 µm) were determined with an accuracy of $0.1-0.2\%$
                      theoretical density. Several effects that affect the
                      accuracy of the results were taken into account and are
                      discussed (e.g. waviness of substrate, penetration depth of
                      the laser beam, deformation of the substrate due to drying
                      stresses). The method can be applied on all layer materials
                      and thick-film deposition methods with a dried thickness of
                      10 µm or larger that either allow a removal of the applied
                      layer or do not deform the substrate during the coating
                      process. In a case study, the influence of ink parameters
                      (grain size 0.1..0.5 µm, solid content, binder, and
                      dispersing agent) on the green density was studied
                      systematically for electrolyte screen printing inks (8
                      $mol.-\%$ yttria stabilised zirconia = 8YSZ) typically used
                      in solid oxide fuel cell applications. Additional
                      characterisation of the drying stresses by substrate bending
                      measurements and the roughness, together with rheological
                      data, allowed further interpretation of the data and an
                      understanding of how varying ink components influence the
                      state of the dried layer. It could be shown that a minimal
                      binder content is required to achieve acceptable green
                      densities whereas the solid content in well de-agglomerated
                      inks has only little influence. Ethyl cellulose binder was
                      found both to act as a dispersant (especially for larger
                      grain sizes) and to exert high tensile stresses on the
                      particles, thereby contributing to a higher green density.
                      Drying stresses up to 10 MPa were measured for a binder with
                      a short chain length and 2 MPa for a binder with longer
                      chain length. Pre-calcination of the powder and the presence
                      of dispersants, in particular for small grain sizes,
                      significantly increased the film densities. Combing the
                      favourable parameters, the highest green density achieved
                      was $63\%$ theoretical density.},
      month         = {Jun},
      date          = {2013-06-23},
      organization  = {13th International Conference of the
                       European Ceramic Society, Limoges
                       (France), 23 Jun 2013 - 27 Jun 2013},
      subtyp        = {After Call},
      cin          = {IEK-1},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-1-20101013},
      pnm          = {122 - Power Plants (POF2-122) / SOFC - Solid Oxide Fuel
                      Cell (SOFC-20140602)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-122 / G:(DE-Juel1)SOFC-20140602},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)6},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/137010},
}