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@ARTICLE{Liang:139933,
      author       = {Liang, Yan and Bradford, Scott A. and Simunek, Jiri and
                      Heggen, Marc and Vereecken, Harry and Klumpp, Erwin},
      title        = {{R}etention and {R}emobilization of {S}tabilized {S}ilver
                      {N}anoparticles in an {U}ndisturbed {L}oamy {S}and {S}oil},
      journal      = {Environmental science $\&$ technology},
      volume       = {47},
      number       = {21},
      issn         = {1520-5851},
      address      = {Columbus, Ohio},
      publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2013-05900},
      pages        = {12229 - 12237},
      year         = {2013},
      abstract     = {Column experiments were conducted with undisturbed loamy
                      sand soil under unsaturated conditions (around $90\%$
                      saturation degree) to investigate the retention of
                      surfactant stabilized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with
                      various input concentration (Co), flow velocity, and ionic
                      strength (IS), and the remobilization of AgNPs by changing
                      the cation type and IS. The mobility of AgNPs in soil was
                      enhanced with decreasing solution IS, increasing flow rate
                      and input concentration. Significant retardation of AgNP
                      breakthrough and hyperexponential retention profiles (RPs)
                      were observed in almost all the transport experiments. The
                      retention of AgNPs was successfully analyzed using a
                      numerical model that accounted for time- and depth-dependent
                      retention. The simulated retention rate coefficient (k1) and
                      maximum retained concentration on the solid phase (Smax)
                      increased with increasing IS and decreasing Co. The high k1
                      resulted in retarded breakthrough curves (BTCs) until Smax
                      was filled and then high effluent concentrations were
                      obtained. Hyperexponential RPs were likely caused by the
                      hydrodynamics at the column inlet which produced a
                      concentrated AgNP flux to the solid surface. Higher IS and
                      lower Co produced more hyperexponential RPs because of
                      larger values of Smax. Retention of AgNPs was much more
                      pronounced in the presence of Ca2+ than K+ at the same IS,
                      and the amount of AgNP released with a reduction in IS was
                      larger for K+ than Ca2+ systems. These stronger AgNP
                      interactions in the presence of Ca2+ were attributed to
                      cation bridging. Further release of AgNPs and clay from the
                      soil was induced by cation exchange (K+ for Ca2+) that
                      reduced the bridging interaction and IS reduction that
                      expanded the electrical double layer. Transmission electron
                      microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and
                      correlations between released soil colloids and AgNPs
                      indicated that some of the released AgNPs were associated
                      with the released clay fraction.},
      cin          = {IBG-3 / PGI-5},
      ddc          = {050},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118 / I:(DE-Juel1)PGI-5-20110106},
      pnm          = {246 - Modelling and Monitoring Terrestrial Systems: Methods
                      and Technologies (POF2-246) / 424 - Exploratory materials
                      and phenomena (POF2-424)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-246 / G:(DE-HGF)POF2-424},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000326711300045},
      pubmed       = {pmid:24106877},
      doi          = {10.1021/es402046u},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/139933},
}