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@ARTICLE{Yoon:14013,
      author       = {Yoon, S. and Pithan, C. and Waser, R. and Dornseiffer, J.
                      and Xiong, Y. and Gruner, D. and Shen, Z. and Iwaya, S.},
      title        = {{E}lectronic conduction mechanisms in {B}a{T}i{O}3-{N}i
                      composites with ultrafine microstructure},
      journal      = {Journal of the American Ceramic Society},
      volume       = {93},
      issn         = {0002-7820},
      address      = {Oxford [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Wiley-Blackwell},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-14013},
      pages        = {4075 - 4080},
      year         = {2010},
      note         = {This work was financially supported by a Korea Research
                      Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government
                      (KRF-2007-D00124).The authors are grateful to Dr.
                      Heinz-Josef Penkalla for support by electron microscopy and
                      spectroscopy and to Dr. Detlev Hennings for the helpful
                      discussion and comments. S. Yoon acknowledges the support
                      from COST Action 539 (COST-STSM-539-03589) of the European
                      Union. NAMICS Corporation, Niigata (Japan) is gratefully
                      acknowledged for financial support within a common
                      collaboration project.},
      abstract     = {Spark plasma sintering (SPS) was used to densify
                      BaTiO3–Ni composite powders to relative densities above
                      $92.8\%.$ With the increasing Ni content, a decrease in
                      relative density is observed, suggesting that Ni hampers the
                      consolidation process. The microstructures of the
                      BaTiO3–Ni composites were of duplex character. The
                      crystallite size of the BaTiO3-grains was around 100 nm in
                      average. The ceramic matrix phase of BaTiO3 surrounded Ni
                      inclusions of approximately 1 μm in diameter that were
                      completely incorporated without the formation of any
                      elongated metallic filaments. The ac conductivity of these
                      BaTiO3–Ni composites increased with increasing Ni content
                      and with temperature. The dominant conduction mechanisms in
                      SPSed BaTiO3–Ni composites showed quite a complicated
                      behavior. A gradual change from band conduction of trapped
                      electrons in oxygen vacancies to a hopping-type motion of
                      small polarons between Ti4+ and Ti3+ is suggested to occur,
                      when the Ni content increases. The influence of oxygen
                      vacancies and other lattice defects on the electrical
                      properties of BaTiO3–Ni composites is discussed.},
      cin          = {IFF-6 / JARA-FIT / IEK-8},
      ddc          = {660},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB786 / $I:(DE-82)080009_20140620$ /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {Grundlagen für zukünftige Informationstechnologien},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK412},
      shelfmark    = {Materials Science, Ceramics},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000284849300027},
      doi          = {10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04011.x},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/14013},
}