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@ARTICLE{Schneider:14190,
      author       = {Schneider, G.J. and Göritz, D.},
      title        = {{S}tructural changes in precipitated silica induced by
                      external forces},
      journal      = {The journal of chemical physics},
      volume       = {132},
      issn         = {0021-9606},
      address      = {Melville, NY},
      publisher    = {American Institute of Physics},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-14190},
      pages        = {154903},
      year         = {2011},
      note         = {Many thanks to the beamline staff, Sabine Cunis, Stephan V.
                      Roth, and Rainer Gehrke (BW4 HASYLAB/DESY, Germany), for
                      help and technical assistance. The financial support of the
                      experiments by the HASYLAB/DESY is gratefully acknowledged.},
      abstract     = {The morphology of pure precipitated silica, silica filled
                      in polydimethylsiloxane rubber, and silica filled in styrene
                      butadiene rubber was studied by means of small-angle X-ray
                      scattering experiments. The silica at a length scale of a
                      few nanometers consists of primary particles, which form
                      aggregates, and clusters with aggregates as basic units. It
                      is evidenced that the aggregate branching, represented by
                      the mass fractal dimension, and the aggregate diameter are
                      different if pure silica and silica in rubber are compared.
                      Contrary, the size of the primary particles and their
                      surface are not influenced. It is demonstrated that the
                      change in the aggregate morphology is due to the external
                      mechanical forces appearing during the mixing process. This
                      is achieved by model experiments using a pistil and a mortar
                      and a composite with different silica fractions. By that
                      means, a systematic change in the morphology with grinding
                      time is observed. Then, the experiments on the composite
                      demonstrate that the major contributions to the mass fractal
                      dimensions are due to the external mechanical forces. In
                      order to test reproducibility and universal validity in the
                      case of precipitated silicas, independent experiments on one
                      silica and further silicas are performed. Several important
                      conclusions are obtained from the study. First, it is shown
                      that a comparison of different pure silica samples without
                      knowing their history may be difficult or questionable.
                      Second, it becomes evident that it is not sufficient to
                      provide only a description of the materials, rather than the
                      details of the sample treatment have to be reported.
                      Therefore, solely the characterization of the morphology of
                      the pure silica is not sufficient to be compared to the
                      mechanical properties of the composites.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {PGI-4 / ICS-1 / Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS
                      (JCNS) ; JCNS},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)PGI-4-20110106 / I:(DE-Juel1)ICS-1-20110106 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-20121112},
      pnm          = {BioSoft: Makromolekulare Systeme und biologische
                      Informationsverarbeitung / Großgeräte für die Forschung
                      mit Photonen, Neutronen und Ionen (PNI)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK505 / G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK415},
      shelfmark    = {Physics, Atomic, Molecular $\&$ Chemical},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:20423197},
      UT           = {WOS:000276971500036},
      doi          = {10.1063/1.3389480},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/14190},
}