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@ARTICLE{Mester:153151,
      author       = {Mester, A. and Zimmermann, Egon and Van der Kruk, J. and
                      Vereecken, H. and Van Waasen, S.},
      title        = {{D}evelopment and drift-analysis of a modular
                      electromagnetic induction system for shallow ground
                      conductivity measurements},
      journal      = {Measurement science and technology},
      volume       = {25},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {1361-6501},
      address      = {Bristol},
      publisher    = {IOP Publ.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2014-02814},
      pages        = {055801},
      year         = {2014},
      abstract     = {Electromagnetic induction (EMI) is used for fast near
                      surface mapping of the electrical conductivity (EC) for a
                      wide range of geophysical applications. Recently, enhanced
                      methods were developed to measure depth-dependent EC by
                      inverting quantitative multi-configuration EMI data, which
                      increases the demand for a suitable multi-channel EMI
                      measurement system. We have designed a novel EMI system that
                      enables the use of modular transmitter/receiver (TX/RX)
                      units, which are connected to a central measurement system
                      and are optimized for flexible setups with coil separations
                      of up to 1.0 m. Each TX/RX-unit contains a coil, which is
                      specifically adjusted for transmitting or receiving magnetic
                      fields. All units enable impedance measurements at the
                      coils, which are used to simulate its electrical circuit and
                      analyze temperature-induced drift effects. A laboratory
                      drift analysis at 8 kHz showed that $88\%$ of the drift in
                      the measured data is due to the change in the electrical
                      transmitter coil resistance. The remaining $12\%$ is due to
                      changes in the transmitter coil inductance and capacitance,
                      the receiver impedance and drifts in the amplification
                      circuit. A measurement under field conditions proved that
                      the new EMI system is able to detect a water-filled swimming
                      pool with 50 mS m−1, using a coil separation of 0.3 m. In
                      addition, the system allows in-field ambient noise spectra
                      measurements in order to select optimal low-noise
                      measurement frequencies},
      cin          = {ZEA-2 / IBG-3},
      ddc          = {600},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)ZEA-2-20090406 / I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {246 - Modelling and Monitoring Terrestrial Systems: Methods
                      and Technologies (POF2-246)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-246},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000334352000041},
      doi          = {10.1088/0957-0233/25/5/055801},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/153151},
}