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@ARTICLE{Busch:153233,
      author       = {Busch, Sebastian and van der Kruk, Jan and Vereecken,
                      Harry},
      title        = {{I}mproved {C}haracterization of {F}ine-{T}exture {S}oils
                      {U}sing {O}n-{G}round {GPR} {F}ull-{W}aveform {I}nversion},
      journal      = {IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing},
      volume       = {52},
      number       = {7},
      issn         = {1558-0644},
      address      = {New York, NY},
      publisher    = {IEEE},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2014-02883},
      pages        = {3947 - 3958},
      year         = {2014},
      abstract     = {Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) uses the recording of
                      electromagnetic waves and is increasingly applied for a wide
                      range of applications. Traditionally, the main focus was on
                      the analysis of the medium permittivity since estimates of
                      the conductivity using the far-field approximation contain
                      relatively large errors and cannot be interpreted
                      quantitatively. Recently, a full-waveform inversion (FWI)
                      scheme has been developed that is able to reliably estimate
                      permittivity and conductivity values by analyzing reflected
                      waves present in on-ground GPR data. It is based on a
                      frequency-domain solution of Maxwell's equations including
                      far, intermediate, and near fields assuming a 3-D
                      subsurface. Here, we adapt the FWI scheme for on-ground GPR
                      to invert the direct ground wave traveling through the
                      shallow subsurface. Due to possible interference with the
                      airwaves and other reflections, an automated time-domain
                      filter needed to be included in the inversion. In addition
                      to the obtained permittivity and conductivity values, also
                      the wavelet center frequency and amplitude return valuable
                      information that can be used for soil characterization.
                      Combined geophysical measurements were carried out over a
                      silty loam with significant variability in the soil texture.
                      The obtained medium properties are consistent with Theta
                      probe, electromagnetic resistivity tomography, and
                      electromagnetic induction results and enable the formulation
                      of an empirical relationship between soil texture and soil
                      properties. The permittivities and conductivities increase
                      with increasing clay and silt and decreasing skeleton
                      content. Moreover, with increasing permittivities and
                      conductivities, the wavelet center frequency decreases,
                      whereas the wavelet amplitude increases, which is consistent
                      with the radiation pattern and the antenna coupling
                      characteristics.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {246 - Modelling and Monitoring Terrestrial Systems: Methods
                      and Technologies (POF2-246)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-246},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000332597100017},
      doi          = {10.1109/TGRS.2013.2278297},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/153233},
}