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@ARTICLE{Johnston:153367,
      author       = {Johnston, B. A. and Mwangi, B. and Matthews, K. and
                      Coghill, D. and Konrad, K. and Steele, J. D.},
      title        = {{B}rainstem abnormalities in attention deficit
                      hyperactivity disorder support high accuracy individual
                      diagnostic classification},
      journal      = {Human brain mapping},
      volume       = {35},
      number       = {10},
      issn         = {1097-0193},
      address      = {New York, NY},
      publisher    = {Wiley-Liss},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2014-02998},
      pages        = {5179–5189},
      year         = {2014},
      abstract     = {Despite extensive research, psychiatry remains an
                      essentially clinical and, therefore, subjective clinical
                      discipline, with no objective biomarkers to guide clinical
                      practice and research. Development of psychiatric biomarkers
                      is consequently important. A promising approach involves the
                      use of machine learning with neuroimaging, to make
                      predictions of diagnosis and treatment response for
                      individual patients. Herein, we describe predictions of
                      attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis
                      using structural T1 weighted brain scans obtained from 34
                      young males with ADHD and 34 controls and a support vector
                      machine. We report $93\%$ accuracy of individual subject
                      diagnostic prediction. Importantly, automated selection of
                      brain regions supporting prediction was used. High accuracy
                      prediction was supported by a region of reduced white matter
                      in the brainstem, associated with a pons volumetric
                      reduction in ADHD, adjacent to the noradrenergic locus
                      coeruleus and dopaminergic ventral tegmental area nuclei.
                      Medications used to treat ADHD modify dopaminergic and
                      noradrenergic function. The white matter brainstem finding
                      raises the possibility of “catecholamine disconnection or
                      dysregulation” contributing to the ADHD syndrome,
                      ameliorated by medication},
      cin          = {INM-3},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-3-20090406},
      pnm          = {333 - Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Neurological and
                      Psychiatric Diseases (POF2-333) / 89572 - (Dys-)function and
                      Plasticity (POF2-89572)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-333 / G:(DE-HGF)POF2-89572},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000342667400017},
      pubmed       = {pmid:24819333},
      doi          = {10.1002/hbm.22542},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/153367},
}