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@ARTICLE{Brandt:153915,
      author       = {Brandt, V. C. and Nießen, Eva and Ganos, C. and Kahl, U.
                      and Bäumer, T. and Münchau, A.},
      editor       = {Cattaneo, Luigi},
      title        = {{A}ltered {S}ynaptic {P}lasticity in {T}ourette's
                      {S}yndrome and {I}ts {R}elationship to {M}otor {S}kill
                      {L}earning},
      journal      = {PLoS one},
      volume       = {9},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {1932-6203},
      address      = {Lawrence, Kan.},
      publisher    = {PLoS},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2014-03372},
      pages        = {e98417},
      year         = {2014},
      abstract     = {Article About the Authors Metrics Comments Related Content
                      Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results
                      Discussion Conclusions Supporting Information
                      Acknowledgments Author Contributions References Reader
                      Comments (0) FiguresAbstractGilles de la Tourette syndrome
                      is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by motor and
                      phonic tics that can be considered motor responses to
                      preceding inner urges. It has been shown that Tourette
                      patients have inferior performance in some motor learning
                      tasks and reduced synaptic plasticity induced by
                      transcranial magnetic stimulation. However, it has not been
                      investigated whether altered synaptic plasticity is directly
                      linked to impaired motor skill acquisition in Tourette
                      patients. In this study, cortical plasticity was assessed by
                      measuring motor-evoked potentials before and after paired
                      associative stimulation in 14 Tourette patients (13 male;
                      age 18–39) and 15 healthy controls (12 male; age 18–33).
                      Tic and urge severity were assessed using the Yale Global
                      Tic Severity Scale and the Premonitory Urges for Tics Scale.
                      Motor learning was assessed 45 minutes after inducing
                      synaptic plasticity and 9 months later, using the rotary
                      pursuit task. On average, long-term potentiation-like
                      effects in response to the paired associative stimulation
                      were present in healthy controls but not in patients. In
                      Tourette patients, long-term potentiation-like effects were
                      associated with more and long-term depression-like effects
                      with less severe urges and tics. While motor learning did
                      not differ between patients and healthy controls 45 minutes
                      after inducing synaptic plasticity, the learning curve of
                      the healthy controls started at a significantly higher level
                      than the Tourette patients' 9 months later. Induced synaptic
                      plasticity correlated positively with motor skills in
                      healthy controls 9 months later. The present study confirms
                      previously found long-term improvement in motor performance
                      after paired associative stimulation in healthy controls but
                      not in Tourette patients. Tourette patients did not show
                      long-term potentiation in response to PAS and also showed
                      reduced levels of motor skill consolidation after 9 months
                      compared to healthy controls. Moreover, synaptic plasticity
                      appears to be related to symptom severity.},
      cin          = {INM-3},
      ddc          = {500},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-3-20090406},
      pnm          = {333 - Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Neurological and
                      Psychiatric Diseases (POF2-333) / 89572 - (Dys-)function and
                      Plasticity (POF2-89572)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-333 / G:(DE-HGF)POF2-89572},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000338101500056},
      pubmed       = {pmid:24878665},
      doi          = {10.1371/journal.pone.0098417},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/153915},
}