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@ARTICLE{Maxwell:153955,
      author       = {Maxwell, Reed M. and Putti, Mario and Meyerhoff, Steven and
                      Delfs, Jens-Olaf and Ferguson, Ian M. and Ivanov, Valeriy
                      and Kim, Jongho and Kolditz, Olaf and Kollet, Stefan and
                      Kumar, Mukesh and Lopez, Sonya and Niu, Jie and Paniconi,
                      Claudio and Park, Young-Jin and Phanikumar, Mantha S. and
                      Shen, Chaopeng and Sudicky, Edward A. and Sulis, Mauro},
      title        = {{S}urface-subsurface model intercomparison: {A} first set
                      of benchmark results to diagnose integrated hydrology and
                      feedbacks},
      journal      = {Water resources research},
      volume       = {50},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {0043-1397},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {AGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2014-03395},
      pages        = {1531 - 1549},
      year         = {2014},
      abstract     = {There are a growing number of large-scale, complex
                      hydrologic models that are capable of simulating integrated
                      surface and subsurface flow. Many are coupled to
                      land-surface energy balance models, biogeochemical and
                      ecological process models, and atmospheric models. Although
                      they are being increasingly applied for hydrologic
                      prediction and environmental understanding, very little
                      formal verification and/or benchmarking of these models has
                      been performed. Here we present the results of an
                      intercomparison study of seven coupled surface-subsurface
                      models based on a series of benchmark problems. All the
                      models simultaneously solve adapted forms of the Richards
                      and shallow water equations, based on fully 3-D or mixed
                      (1-D vadose zone and 2-D groundwater) formulations for
                      subsurface flow and 1-D (rill flow) or 2-D (sheet flow)
                      conceptualizations for surface routing. A range of
                      approaches is used for the solution of the coupled
                      equations, including global implicit, sequential iterative,
                      and asynchronous linking, and various strategies are used to
                      enforce flux and pressure continuity at the
                      surface-subsurface interface. The simulation results show
                      good agreement for the simpler test cases, while the more
                      complicated test cases bring out some of the differences in
                      physical process representations and numerical solution
                      approaches between the models. Benchmarks with more
                      traditional runoff generating mechanisms, such as excess
                      infiltration and saturation, demonstrate more agreement
                      between models, while benchmarks with heterogeneity and
                      complex water table dynamics highlight differences in model
                      formulation. In general, all the models demonstrate the same
                      qualitative behavior, thus building confidence in their use
                      for hydrologic applications.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {246 - Modelling and Monitoring Terrestrial Systems: Methods
                      and Technologies (POF2-246) / 255 - Terrestrial Systems:
                      From Observation to Prediction (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-246 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000333563900044},
      doi          = {10.1002/2013WR013725},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/153955},
}