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@INBOOK{Rollenhagen:154536,
      author       = {Rollenhagen, Astrid and Lübke, Joachim},
      title        = {{D}endrites: {A} {K}ey {S}tructural {E}lement of {N}eurons},
      address      = {New York, NY},
      publisher    = {Springer New York},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2014-03846},
      isbn         = {978-1-4614-1996-9},
      series       = {Springer Reference},
      pages        = {179 - 217},
      year         = {2013},
      note         = {Incl. index},
      comment      = {Neuroscience in the 21st Century / New York, NY : Springer
                      New York, 2013, ; ISSN: ; ISBN: 978-1-4614-1996-9 ;
                      doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1997-6},
      booktitle     = {Neuroscience in the 21st Century / New
                       York, NY : Springer New York, 2013, ;
                       ISSN: ; ISBN: 978-1-4614-1996-9 ;
                       doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1997-6},
      abstract     = {Dendrites (from Greek δένδρον déndron, “tree”)
                      are one of the major structural elements of neurons and
                      exhibit enormously diverse forms. They receive, integrate
                      and process thousands of excitatory, and to a lesser extent
                      inhibitory, synaptic inputs terminating either on the
                      dendritic shaft or spine. The morphology and size of
                      dendrites critically determines the mode of connectivity
                      between neurons with dendritic trees ramifying in
                      characteristic spatial domains where they receive specific
                      synaptic inputs. Therefore, dendrites play a critical role
                      in the integration of these inputs and in determining the
                      extent of action potential generation.Furthermore, the
                      structure and branching of dendrites together with the
                      availability and variation in voltage-gated ion conductances
                      strongly influences how synaptic inputs within a given
                      microcircuit are integrated. This integration is both
                      temporal – involving the summation of signals as well as
                      spatial – entailing the aggregation of excitatory and
                      inhibitory inputs from individual branches. Dendrites were
                      thought to convey electrical signals passively. However, as
                      shown recently dendrites can activly support action
                      potentials and release neurotransmitters, a property that
                      was originally believed to be specific to axons.Voltage
                      changes at the soma result from activation of distal
                      synapses propagating to the soma without the aid of
                      voltage-gated ion channels. Based on the passive cable
                      theory one can measure how changes in dendritic morphology
                      lead to changes of the membrane voltage, and thus how
                      variation in dendrite architectures affects the overall
                      output characteristics of the neuron. In this context it is
                      also important to know that the membrane of dendrites
                      contain ensembles of various proteins that may contribute to
                      amplify or attenuate synaptic inputs. Sodium, calcium, and
                      potassium channels are all implicated to affect input
                      modulation. Each of these ions has a family of channel types
                      with its own biophysical characteristics relevant to
                      synaptic input modulation thereby controlling the latency of
                      channel opening, the electrical conductance of the ion pore,
                      the activation voltage and duration. This could lead to an
                      amplification of even weak inputs from distal synapses by
                      sodium and calcium currents. One important feature of
                      dendrites, endowed by their active voltage gated
                      conductances, is their ability to propagate action
                      potentials back into the dendritic tree. Known as
                      “backpropagating action potentials,” these signals
                      depolarize the dendritic tree, a mechanism that contributes
                      to synaptic modulation and long- and short-term potentiation
                      and plasticity.Abnormalities in dendritic structural
                      plasticity are a characteristic feature of many mental,
                      neurological and neurodegenerative brain disorders. Changes
                      in synaptic function or neuronal circuitry associated with
                      disease produce severe structural changes in dendritic
                      length and branching, dramatic loss of spines accompanied
                      also by changes in spine morphology. Thus, pathologies in
                      dendritic structure are followed by remodeling of dendritic
                      and synaptic circuits and changes in learning, memory and
                      mind of the brain.},
      cin          = {INM-2},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-2-20090406},
      pnm          = {331 - Signalling Pathways and Mechanisms in the Nervous
                      System (POF2-331) / 89571 - Connectivity and Activity
                      (POF2-89571)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-331 / G:(DE-HGF)POF2-89571},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)7},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/154536},
}