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@ARTICLE{Sheel:155380,
      author       = {Sheel, Varun and Sahu, L. K. and Kajino, M. and Deushi, M.
                      and Stein, O. and Nedelec, P.},
      title        = {{S}easonal and interannual variability of carbon monoxide
                      based on {MOZAIC} observations, {MACC} reanalysis, and model
                      simulations over an urban site in {I}ndia},
      journal      = {Journal of geophysical research / Atmospheres},
      volume       = {119},
      number       = {14},
      issn         = {0148-0227},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {Union},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2014-04549},
      pages        = {9123 - 9141},
      year         = {2014},
      abstract     = {The spatial and temporal variations of carbon monoxide (CO)
                      are analyzed over a tropical urban site, Hyderabad
                      (17°27′N, 78°28′E) in central India. We have used
                      vertical profiles from the Measurement of ozone and water
                      vapor by Airbus in-service aircraft (MOZAIC) aircraft
                      observations, Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate
                      (MACC) reanalysis, and two chemical transport model
                      simulations (Model for Ozone And Related Tracers (MOZART)
                      and MRI global Chemistry Climate Model (MRI-CCM2)) for the
                      years 2006–2008. In the lower troposphere, the CO mixing
                      ratio showed strong seasonality, with higher levels (>300
                      ppbv) during the winter and premonsoon seasons associated
                      with a stable anticyclonic circulation, while lower CO
                      values (up to 100 ppbv) were observed in the monsoon season.
                      In the planetary boundary layer (PBL), the seasonal
                      distribution of CO shows the impact of both local
                      meteorology and emissions. While the PBL CO is predominantly
                      influenced by strong winds, bringing regional background air
                      from marine and biomass burning regions, under calm
                      conditions CO levels are elevated by local emissions. On the
                      other hand, in the free troposphere, seasonal variation
                      reflects the impact of long-range transport associated with
                      the Intertropical Convergence Zone and biomass burning. The
                      interannual variations were mainly due to transition from El
                      Niño to La Niña conditions. The overall modified
                      normalized mean biases (normalization based on the observed
                      and model mean values) with respect to the observed CO
                      profiles were lower for the MACC reanalysis than the MOZART
                      and MRI-CCM2 models. The CO in the PBL region was
                      consistently underestimated by MACC reanalysis during all
                      the seasons, while MOZART and MRI-CCM2 show both positive
                      and negative biases depending on the season.},
      cin          = {IEK-8 / JSC},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {233 - Trace gas and aerosol processes in the troposphere
                      (POF2-233) / MACC II - Monitoring Atmospheric Composition
                      and Climate Interim Implementation (283576)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-233 / G:(EU-Grant)283576},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000340402800035},
      doi          = {10.1002/2013JD021425},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/155380},
}