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@ARTICLE{Fahey:155462,
      author       = {Fahey, D. W. F. and Gao, R. S. G. and Möhler, O. M. and
                      Saathoff, H. S. and Schiller, C. and Ebert, V. E. and
                      Krämer, Martina and Peter, T. P. and Amarouche, N. A. and
                      Avallone, L. M. A. and Bauer, Reimar and Bozóki, Z. B. and
                      Christensen, L. E. C. and Davis, S. M. D. and Durry, G. D.
                      and Dyroff, C. D. and Herman, R. L. H. and Hunsmann, S. H.
                      and Khaykin, S. K. and Mackrodt, P. M. and Meyer, J. M. and
                      Smith, J. B. S. and Spelten, Nicole and Troy, R. F. T. and
                      Vömel, H. V. and Wagner, S. W. and Wienhold, F. G. W.},
      title        = {{T}he {A}qua{VIT}-1 {I}ntercomparison of {A}tmosheric
                      {W}ater {V}apor {M}easurements {T}echniques},
      journal      = {Atmospheric measurement techniques discussions},
      volume       = {7},
      issn         = {1867-8610},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {Copernicus},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2014-04628},
      pages        = {3159-3251},
      year         = {2014},
      abstract     = {The AquaVIT-1 Intercomparison of Atmospheric Water Vapor
                      Measurement Techniques was conducted at the aerosol and
                      cloud simulation chamber AIDA at the Karlsruhe Institute of
                      Technology, Germany, in October 2007. The overall objective
                      was to intercompare state-of-the-art and prototype
                      atmospheric hygrometers with each other and with independent
                      humidity standards under controlled conditions. This
                      activity was conducted as a blind intercomparison with
                      coordination by selected referees. The effort was motivated
                      by persistent discrepancies found in atmospheric
                      measurements involving multiple instruments operating on
                      research aircraft and balloon platforms, particularly in the
                      upper troposphere and lower stratosphere where water vapor
                      reaches its lowest atmospheric values (less than 10 ppm).
                      With the AIDA chamber volume of 84 m3, multiple instruments
                      analyzed air with a common water vapor mixing ratio, either
                      by extracting air into instrument flow systems, locating
                      instruments inside the chamber, or sampling the chamber
                      volume optically. The intercomparison was successfully
                      conducted over 10 days during which pressure, temperature,
                      and mixing ratio were systematically varied (50 to 500 hPa,
                      185 to 243 K, and 0.3 to 152 ppm). In the absence of an
                      accepted reference instrument, the reference value was taken
                      to be the ensemble mean of a core subset of the
                      measurements. For these core instruments, the agreement
                      between 10 and 150 ppm of water vapor is considered good
                      with variation about the reference value of about $±10\%$
                      (±1σ). In the region of most interest between 1 and 10
                      ppm, the core subset agreement is fair with variation about
                      the reference value of $±20\%$ (±1σ). The upper limit of
                      precision was also derived for each instrument from the
                      reported data. These results indicate that the core
                      instruments, in general, have intrinsic skill to determine
                      unknown water vapor mixing ratios with an accuracy of at
                      least $±20\%.$ The implication for atmospheric measurements
                      is that the substantially larger differences observed during
                      in-flight intercomparisons stem from other factors
                      associated with the moving platforms or the non-laboratory
                      environment. The success of AquaVIT-1 provides a template
                      for future intercomparison efforts with water vapor or other
                      species that are focused on improving the analytical quality
                      of atmospheric measurements on moving platforms.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {234 - Composition and Dynamics of the Upper Troposphere and
                      Stratosphere (POF2-234)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-234},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/155462},
}