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@ARTICLE{Molleker:155469,
      author       = {Molleker, S. and Borrmann, S. and Schlager, H. and Luo, B.
                      P. and Frey, W. and Klingebiel, M. and Weigel, R. and Ebert,
                      M. and Mitev, V. and Matthey, R. and Woiwode, W. and Oelhaf,
                      H. and Dörnbrack, A. and Stratmann, G. and Grooss, Jens-Uwe
                      and Günther, Gebhard and Vogel, Bärbel and Müller, Rolf
                      and Krämer, Martina and Meyer, J. and Cairo, F.},
      title        = {{M}icrophysical properties of synoptic scale polar
                      stratospheric clouds: {I}n situ measurements of unexpectedly
                      large {HNO}3 containing particles in the {A}rtic vortex},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics / Discussions},
      volume       = {14},
      issn         = {1680-7367},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2014-04635},
      pages        = {12071-12120},
      year         = {2014},
      abstract     = {In January 2010 and December 2011 synoptic scale PSC fields
                      were probed during seven flights of the high altitude
                      research aircraft M-55 Geophysica within the RECONCILE
                      (Reconciliation of essential process parameters for an
                      enhanced predictability of Arctic stratospheric ozone loss
                      and its climate interaction.) and the ESSenCe (ESSenCe: ESA
                      Sounder Campaign) projects. Particle size distributions in a
                      diameter range between 0.46 μm and 40 μm were recorded
                      simultaneously by up to four different optical in situ
                      instruments. Three of these particle instruments are based
                      on the detection of forward scattered light by single
                      particles. The fourth instrument is a grey scale optical
                      array imaging probe. Optical particle diameters of up to 35
                      μm were detected with particle number densities and total
                      particle volumes exceeding previous Arctic measurements.
                      Also, gas phase and particle bound NOy were measured, as
                      well as water vapor concentrations, and other variables. Two
                      remote sensing particle instruments, the Miniature Aerosol
                      Lidar (MAL) and the backscatter sonde (MAS, Multiwavelenght
                      Aerosol Scatterometer) showed the synoptic scale of the
                      encountered PSCs. The particle mode below 2 μm in size
                      diameter has been identified as supercooled ternary solution
                      droplets (STS). The PSC particles in the size range above 2
                      μm in diameter are considered to consist of nitric acid
                      hydrates or ice, and the particles' high HNO3 content was
                      confirmed by the NOy instrument. Assuming a particle
                      composition of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT), the optically
                      measured size distributions result in particle-phase HNO3
                      mixing ratios exceeding available stratospheric values. In
                      particular, with respect to the denitrification by
                      sedimentation of large HNO3-contaning particles, generally
                      considered as NAT, our new measurements raise questions
                      concerning composition, shape and nucleation pathways.
                      Measurement uncertainties are discussed concerning probable
                      overestimations of measured particle sizes and volumes. We
                      hypothesize that either a strong asphericity or the particle
                      composition (e.g. water-ice coated with NAT) could explain
                      our observations.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {234 - Composition and Dynamics of the Upper Troposphere and
                      Stratosphere (POF2-234)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-234},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.5194/acpd-14-12071-2014},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/155469},
}