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@ARTICLE{Fueglistaler:156035,
      author       = {Fueglistaler, S. and Liu, Y. S. and Flannaghan, T. J. and
                      Ploeger, F. and Haynes, P. H.},
      title        = {{D}eparture from {C}lausius- {C}lapeyron scaling of water
                      entering the stratosphere in response to changes in tropical
                      upwelling},
      journal      = {Journal of geophysical research / Atmospheres},
      volume       = {119},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {0148-0227},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {Union},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2014-04934},
      pages        = {1962-1972},
      year         = {2014},
      abstract     = {Water entering the stratosphere ([H2O]entry) is strongly
                      constrained by temperatures in the tropical tropopause layer
                      (TTL). Temperatures at tropical tropopause levels are
                      15–20 K below radiative equilibrium. A strengthening of
                      the residual circulation as suggested by general circulation
                      models in response to increasing greenhouse gases is, based
                      on radiative transfer calculations, estimated to lead to a
                      temperature decrease of about 2 K per $10\%$ change in
                      upwelling (with some sensitivity to vertical scale length).
                      For a uniform temperature change in the inner tropics,
                      [H2O]entry may be expected to change as predicted by the
                      temperature dependence of the vapor pressure, referred here
                      as “Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) scaling.” Under CC scaling,
                      this corresponds to ∼1 ppmv change in [H2O]entry per
                      $10\%$ change in upwelling. However, the change in upwelling
                      also changes the residence time of air in the TTL. We show
                      with trajectory calculations that this affects [H2O]entry,
                      such that [H2O]entry changes ∼10 $\%$ less than expected
                      from CC scaling. This residence time effect for water vapor
                      is a consequence of the spatiotemporal variance in the
                      temperature field. We show that for the present-day TTL, a
                      little more than half of the effect is due to the systematic
                      relation between flow and temperature field. The remainder
                      can be understood from the perspective of a random walk
                      problem, with slower ascent (longer path) increasing each
                      air parcel's probability to encounter anomalously low
                      temperatures. Our results show that atmospheric water vapor
                      may depart from CC scaling with mean temperatures even when
                      all physical processes of dehydration remain unchanged.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {234 - Composition and Dynamics of the Upper Troposphere and
                      Stratosphere (POF2-234)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-234},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000333138300021},
      doi          = {10.1002/2013JD020772},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/156035},
}