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000156078 1001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)161426$$aKloss, Corinna$$b0$$eCorresponding Author$$ufzj
000156078 245__ $$aAtmospheric Abundances, Trends and Emissions of CFC-216ba, CFC-216ca and HCFC-225ca
000156078 260__ $$aBasel, Switzerland$$bMDPI AG$$c2014
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000156078 520__ $$aThe first observations of the feedstocks, CFC-216ba (1,2-dichlorohexafluoropropane) and CFC-216ca (1,3-dichlorohexafluoropropane), as well as the CFC substitute HCFC-225ca (3,3-dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane), are reported in air samples collected between 1978 and 2012 at Cape Grim, Tasmania. Present day (2012) mixing ratios are 37.8 ± 0.08 ppq (parts per quadrillion; 1015) and 20.2 ± 0.3 ppq for CFC-216ba and CFC-216ca, respectively. The abundance of CFC-216ba has been approximately constant for the past 20 years, whilst that of CFC-216ca is increasing, at a current rate of 0.2 ppq/year. Upper tropospheric air samples collected in 2013 suggest a further continuation of this trend. Inferred annual emissions peaked 421 at 0.18 Gg/year (CFC-216ba) and 0.05 Gg/year (CFC-216ca) in the mid-1980s and then decreased sharply as expected from the Montreal Protocol phase-out schedule for CFCs. The atmospheric trend of CFC-216ca and CFC-216ba translates into continuing emissions of around 0.01 Gg/year in 2011, indicating that significant banks still exist or that they are still being used. HCFC-225ca was not detected in air samples collected before 1992. The highest mixing ratio of 52 ± 1 ppq was observed in 2001. Increasing annual emissions were found in the 1990s (i.e., when HCFC-225ca was being introduced as a replacement for CFCs). Emissions peaked around 1999 at about 1.51 Gg/year. In accordance with the Montreal Protocol, restrictions on HCFC consumption and the short lifetime of HCFC-225ca, mixing ratios declined after 2001 to 23.3 ± 0.7 ppq by 2012.
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000156078 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aNewland, Mike$$b1
000156078 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aOram, David$$b2
000156078 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aFraser, Paul$$b3
000156078 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBrenninkmeijer, Carl$$b4
000156078 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRöckmann, Thomas$$b5
000156078 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aLaube, Johannes$$b6
000156078 773__ $$0PERI:(DE-600)2605928-9$$a10.3390/atmos5020420$$gVol. 5, no. 2, p. 420 - 434$$n2$$p420 - 434$$tAtmosphere$$v5$$x2073-4433$$y2014
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