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@ARTICLE{Kloss:156078,
      author       = {Kloss, Corinna and Newland, Mike and Oram, David and
                      Fraser, Paul and Brenninkmeijer, Carl and Röckmann, Thomas
                      and Laube, Johannes},
      title        = {{A}tmospheric {A}bundances, {T}rends and {E}missions of
                      {CFC}-216ba, {CFC}-216ca and {HCFC}-225ca},
      journal      = {Atmosphere},
      volume       = {5},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {2073-4433},
      address      = {Basel, Switzerland},
      publisher    = {MDPI AG},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2014-04959},
      pages        = {420 - 434},
      year         = {2014},
      abstract     = {The first observations of the feedstocks, CFC-216ba
                      (1,2-dichlorohexafluoropropane) and CFC-216ca
                      (1,3-dichlorohexafluoropropane), as well as the CFC
                      substitute HCFC-225ca
                      (3,3-dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane), are reported in
                      air samples collected between 1978 and 2012 at Cape Grim,
                      Tasmania. Present day (2012) mixing ratios are 37.8 ± 0.08
                      ppq (parts per quadrillion; 1015) and 20.2 ± 0.3 ppq for
                      CFC-216ba and CFC-216ca, respectively. The abundance of
                      CFC-216ba has been approximately constant for the past 20
                      years, whilst that of CFC-216ca is increasing, at a current
                      rate of 0.2 ppq/year. Upper tropospheric air samples
                      collected in 2013 suggest a further continuation of this
                      trend. Inferred annual emissions peaked 421 at 0.18 Gg/year
                      (CFC-216ba) and 0.05 Gg/year (CFC-216ca) in the mid-1980s
                      and then decreased sharply as expected from the Montreal
                      Protocol phase-out schedule for CFCs. The atmospheric trend
                      of CFC-216ca and CFC-216ba translates into continuing
                      emissions of around 0.01 Gg/year in 2011, indicating that
                      significant banks still exist or that they are still being
                      used. HCFC-225ca was not detected in air samples collected
                      before 1992. The highest mixing ratio of 52 ± 1 ppq was
                      observed in 2001. Increasing annual emissions were found in
                      the 1990s (i.e., when HCFC-225ca was being introduced as a
                      replacement for CFCs). Emissions peaked around 1999 at about
                      1.51 Gg/year. In accordance with the Montreal Protocol,
                      restrictions on HCFC consumption and the short lifetime of
                      HCFC-225ca, mixing ratios declined after 2001 to 23.3 ± 0.7
                      ppq by 2012.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {234 - Composition and Dynamics of the Upper Troposphere and
                      Stratosphere (POF2-234) / HITEC - Helmholtz
                      Interdisciplinary Doctoral Training in Energy and Climate
                      Research (HITEC) (HITEC-20170406)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-234 / G:(DE-Juel1)HITEC-20170406},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000338665800014},
      doi          = {10.3390/atmos5020420},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/156078},
}