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@ARTICLE{Jonard:16234,
      author       = {Jonard, F. and Weihermüller, L. and Jadoon, K.Z. and
                      Schwank, M. and Vereecken, H. and Lambot, S.},
      title        = {{M}apping {F}ield-{S}cale {S}oil {M}oisture {W}ith
                      {L}-{B}and {R}adiometer and {G}round-{P}enetrating {R}adar
                      {O}ver bare {S}oil},
      journal      = {IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing},
      volume       = {49},
      issn         = {0196-2892},
      address      = {New York, NY},
      publisher    = {IEEE},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-16234},
      pages        = {2863 - 2876},
      year         = {2011},
      note         = {The authors would like to thank Gamma Remote Sensing and
                      Consulting AG for providing the radiometer antenna, F.
                      Andre, M. Dimitrov, D. Moghadas, R. Harms, and N. Hermes of
                      Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH for their assistance with
                      fieldwork, and the anonymous reviewers for their
                      constructive comments. The JULBARA radiometer was funded by
                      "Terrestrial Environmental Observatories" (TERENO) funded by
                      the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
                      (BMBF).This work was supported in part by the German
                      Research Foundation (DFG) in the frame of the Transregional
                      Collaborative Research Centre 32 and in part by the Fonds
                      National de la Recherche Scientifique (Belgium).},
      abstract     = {Accurate estimates of surface soil moisture are essential
                      in many research fields, including agriculture, hydrology,
                      and meteorology. The objective of this study was to evaluate
                      two remote-sensing methods for mapping the soil moisture of
                      a bare soil, namely, L-band radiometry using brightness
                      temperature and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) using surface
                      reflection inversion. Invasive time-domain reflectometry
                      (TDR) measurements were used as a reference. A field
                      experiment was performed in which these three methods were
                      used to map soil moisture after controlled heterogeneous
                      irrigation that ensured a wide range of water content. The
                      heterogeneous irrigation pattern was reasonably well
                      reproduced by both remote-sensing techniques. However,
                      significant differences in the absolute moisture values
                      retrieved were observed. This discrepancy was attributed to
                      different sensing depths and areas and different
                      sensitivities to soil surface roughness. For GPR, the effect
                      of roughness was excluded by operating at low frequencies
                      (0.2-0.8 GHz) that were not sensitive to the field surface
                      roughness. The root mean square (rms) error between soil
                      moisture measured by GPR and TDR was 0.038 m(3) . m(-3). For
                      the radiometer, the rms error decreased from 0.062
                      (horizontal polarization) and 0.054 (vertical polarization)
                      to 0.020 m(3) . m(-3) (both polarizations) after accounting
                      for roughness using an empirical model that required
                      calibration with reference TDR measurements. Monte Carlo
                      simulations showed that around $20\%$ of the reference data
                      were required to obtain a good roughness calibration for the
                      entire field. It was concluded that relatively accurate
                      measurements were possible with both methods, although
                      accounting for surface roughness was essential for
                      radiometry.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {Terrestrische Umwelt},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK407},
      shelfmark    = {Geochemistry $\&$ Geophysics / Engineering, Electrical $\&$
                      Electronic / Remote Sensing},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000293709200005},
      doi          = {10.1109/TGRS.2011.2114890},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/16234},
}