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@ARTICLE{Jadoon:16235,
      author       = {Jadoon, K.Z. and Lambot, S. and Scharnagl, B. and van der
                      Kruk, J. and Slob, E. and Vereecken, H.},
      title        = {{Q}uantifying field-scale surface soil water content from
                      proximal {GPR} signal inversion in the time domain},
      journal      = {Near surface geophysics},
      volume       = {8},
      issn         = {1569-4445},
      address      = {Houten},
      publisher    = {EAGE},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-16235},
      pages        = {483 - 491},
      year         = {2010},
      note         = {We thank R. Harms and L. Weihermuller for their assistance
                      with the antenna calibration and field measurements. This
                      work was supported by Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH,
                      Germany, Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS)
                      and Universite Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Delft
                      University of Technology, the Netherlands and the DIGISOIL
                      project, financed by the European Commission under the
                      7<SUP>th</SUP> Framework Programme for Research and
                      Technological Development, Area 'Environment', Activity 6.3
                      'Environmental Technologies'.},
      abstract     = {We applied inverse modelling of zero-offset, air-raised
                      ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data to measure soil surface
                      water contents over a bare agricultural. field. The GPR
                      system consisted of a vector network analyser combined with
                      a low-frequency 0.2-2.0 GHz off-ground monostatic horn
                      antenna, thereby setting up an ultra-wideband
                      stepped-frequency continuous-wave radar. A fully automated
                      platform was created by mounting the radar system on a truck
                      for real-time data acquisition. An antenna calibration
                      experiment was performed by lifting the whole setup to
                      different heights above a perfect electrical conductor. This
                      calibration procedure allowed the flittering out of the
                      antenna effects and antenna-soil interactions from the raw
                      radar data in the frequency domain. To avoid surface
                      roughness effects, only the lower frequency range of 0.2-0.8
                      GHz was used for signal processing. Inversions of the radar
                      data using the Green's functions were performed in the time
                      domain, focusing on a time window containing the surface
                      reflection. GPR measurements were conducted every 4 m along
                      a transect of 100 m. In addition, five time-domain
                      reflectometry measurements were randomly recorded within the
                      footprint of the GPR antenna. A good agreement was observed
                      between the GPR and time-domain reflectometry soil water
                      content estimates, as compared to the previous study
                      performed at the same test site using a higher frequency
                      0.8-1.6 GHz horn antenna. To monitor the dynamics of soil
                      water content, a pair of time-domain reflectometry probes
                      was installed at 8 cm depth near the footprint of the GPR
                      antenna and both time-domain reflectometry and GPR
                      measurements were carried out for a period of 20 days. A
                      good agreement of the trend was observed between the
                      time-domain reflectometry and GPR time-lapse data with
                      respect to several precipitation events. The proposed method
                      and truck-mounted setup appear to be promising for the
                      real-time mapping and monitoring of surface soil moisture
                      contents at the field scale.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {Terrestrische Umwelt},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK407},
      shelfmark    = {Geochemistry $\&$ Geophysics},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000285399200007},
      doi          = {10.3997/1873-0604.2010036},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/16235},
}