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@ARTICLE{Graebenitz:16335,
      author       = {Graebenitz, S. and Kedo, O. and Speckmann, E.J. and Gorji,
                      A. and Panneck, H. and Hans, V. and Palomero-Gallagher, N.
                      and Schleicher, A. and Zilles, K. and Pape, H.C.},
      title        = {{I}nterictal-like network activity and receptor expression
                      in the epileptic human lateral amygdala},
      journal      = {Brain},
      volume       = {134},
      issn         = {0006-8950},
      address      = {Oxford},
      publisher    = {Oxford Univ. Press},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-16335},
      pages        = {2929 - 2947},
      year         = {2011},
      note         = {Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; SFB-TR3, TP C3; to H.
                      C. P. and E.J.S.); a research award (Max-Planck-Research
                      Award 2007; to H. C. P.); the Helmholtz Alliances HelMA
                      (Health in an Aging Society, to K.Z.); Systems Biology (to
                      K.Z.).},
      abstract     = {While the amygdala is considered to play a critical role in
                      temporal lobe epilepsy, conclusions on underlying
                      pathophysiological mechanisms have been derived largely from
                      experimental animal studies. Therefore, the present study
                      aimed to characterize synaptic network interactions,
                      focusing on spontaneous interictal-like activity, and the
                      expression profile of transmitter receptors in the human
                      lateral amygdala in relation to temporal lobe epilepsy.
                      Electrophysiological recordings, obtained intra-operatively
                      in vivo in patients with medically intractable temporal lobe
                      epilepsy, revealed the existence of interictal activity in
                      amygdala and hippocampus. For in vitro analyses, slices were
                      prepared from surgically resected specimens, and sections
                      from individual specimens were used for electrophysiological
                      recordings, receptor autoradiographic analyses and
                      histological visualization of major amygdaloid nuclei for
                      verification of recording sites. In the lateral amygdala,
                      interictal-like activity appeared as spontaneous slow
                      rhythmic field potentials at an average frequency of 0.39
                      Hz, which occurred at different sites with various degrees
                      of synchronization in $33.3\%$ of the tested slices.
                      Pharmacological blockade of glutamate
                      α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
                      receptors, but not N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, abolished
                      interictal-like activity, while the γ-aminobutyric acid
                      A-type receptor antagonist bicuculline resulted in a
                      dampening of activity, followed by highly synchronous
                      patterns of slow rhythmic activity during washout. Receptor
                      autoradiographic analysis revealed significantly higher
                      α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid,
                      kainate, metabotropic glutamate type 2/3, muscarinic type 2
                      and adrenoceptor α(1) densities, whereas muscarinergic type
                      3 and serotonergic type 1A receptor densities were lower in
                      the lateral amygdala from epileptic patients in comparison
                      to autopsy controls. Concerning γ-aminobutyric acid A-type
                      receptors, agonist binding was unaltered whereas antagonist
                      binding sites were downregulated in the epileptic lateral
                      amygdala, suggesting an altered high/low-affinity state
                      ratio and concomitant reduced pool of total γ-aminobutyric
                      acid A-type receptors. Together these data indicate an
                      abnormal pattern of receptor densities and synaptic function
                      in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala in epileptic
                      patients, involving critical alterations in glutamate and
                      γ-aminobutyric acid receptors, which may give rise to
                      domains of spontaneous interictal discharges contributing to
                      seizure activity in the amygdala.},
      keywords     = {Adolescent / Adult / Aged / Amygdala: metabolism /
                      Amygdala: physiopathology / Child / Epilepsy: metabolism /
                      Epilepsy: physiopathology / Female / Humans / Male / Middle
                      Aged / Nerve Net: metabolism / Nerve Net: physiopathology /
                      Neurons: metabolism / Receptor, Muscarinic M2: metabolism /
                      Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A: metabolism / Receptors, AMPA:
                      metabolism / Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1: metabolism /
                      Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate: metabolism / Synapses:
                      metabolism / Synapses: physiology / Receptor, Muscarinic M2
                      (NLM Chemicals) / Receptors, AMPA (NLM Chemicals) /
                      Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1 (NLM Chemicals) / Receptors,
                      Metabotropic Glutamate (NLM Chemicals) / Receptor,
                      Serotonin, 5-HT1A (NLM Chemicals) / J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {INM-2},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-2-20090406},
      pnm          = {Funktion und Dysfunktion des Nervensystems (FUEK409) /
                      89571 - Connectivity and Activity (POF2-89571)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK409 / G:(DE-HGF)POF2-89571},
      shelfmark    = {Clinical Neurology / Neurosciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:21893592},
      UT           = {WOS:000295681400013},
      doi          = {10.1093/brain/awr202},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/16335},
}