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@ARTICLE{Kirchartz:16868,
      author       = {Kirchartz, T. and Pieters, B. E. and Kirkpatrick, J. and
                      Rau, U. and Nelson, J.},
      title        = {{R}ecombination via tail states in polythiophene:fullerene
                      solar cells},
      journal      = {Physical review / B},
      volume       = {83},
      number       = {11},
      issn         = {1098-0121},
      address      = {College Park, Md.},
      publisher    = {APS},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-16868},
      pages        = {115209},
      year         = {2011},
      note         = {The authors would like to thank K. Taretto and M. Soldera
                      (Uni. Neuquen) for discussion and inspiration in the early
                      stage of the work and C. Shuttle (UCSB) and J. Durrant
                      (Imperial College) for sharing the experimental data. In
                      addition, we want to thank R. Mackenzie, G. Dibb, A.
                      Maurano, and D. Credgington (Imperial College) for fruitful
                      discussions on modeling and charge extraction. T. K.
                      acknowledges partial support by an Imperial College Junior
                      Research Fellowship. J. N. acknowledges the support of the
                      UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
                      through the Supergen (EP/031088/1) and Nanotechnology Grand
                      Challenges (EP/F056710/1, EP/F056389/1) programmes.},
      abstract     = {State-of-the-art models used for drift-diffusion
                      simulations of organic bulk heterojunction solar cells based
                      on band transport are not capable of reproducing the voltage
                      dependence of dark current density and carrier concentration
                      of such devices, as determined by current-voltage and
                      charge-extraction measurements. Here, we show how to
                      correctly reproduce this experimental data by including an
                      exponential tail of localized states into the density of
                      states for both electrons and holes, and allowing
                      recombination to occur between free charge carriers and
                      charge carriers trapped in these states. When this
                      recombination via tail states is included, the dependence of
                      charge-carrier concentration on voltage is distinctly
                      different from the case of band-to-band recombination and
                      the dependence of recombination current on carrier
                      concentration to a power higher than 2 can be explained.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IEK-5},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-5-20101013},
      pnm          = {Erneuerbare Energien},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK401},
      shelfmark    = {Physics, Condensed Matter},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000288896400006},
      doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevB.83.115209},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/16868},
}