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@ARTICLE{Pozzoli:16949,
      author       = {Pozzoli, L. and Janssens-Maenhout, G. and Diehl, T. and
                      Bey, I. and Schultz, M.G. and Feichter, J. and Vignati, E.
                      and Dentener, F.},
      title        = {{R}e-analysis of tropospheric sulfate aerosol and ozone for
                      the period 1980-2005 using the aerosol-chemistry-climate
                      model {ECHAM}5-{HAMMOZ}},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {11},
      issn         = {1680-7316},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-16949},
      pages        = {9563 - 9594},
      year         = {2011},
      note         = {This work has received partial funding from the European
                      Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) in the project
                      PEGASOS (grant agreement 265148). We greatly acknowledge
                      Sebastian Rast at Max Planck Institute for Meteorology,
                      Hamburg, for the scientific and technical support. We would
                      like also to thank the Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum (DKRZ)
                      and the Forschungszentrum Julich for the computing resources
                      and technical support. We would like to thank the EMEP,
                      WDCGG, and CASTNET networks for providing ozone and sulfate
                      measurements over Europe and North America.},
      abstract     = {Understanding historical trends of trace gas and aerosol
                      distributions in the troposphere is essential to evaluate
                      the efficiency of existing strategies to reduce air
                      pollution and to design more efficient future air quality
                      and climate policies. We performed coupled photochemistry
                      and aerosol microphysics simulations for the period
                      1980-2005 using the aerosol-chemistry-climate model
                      ECHAM5-HAMMOZ, to assess our understanding of long-term
                      changes and interannual variability of the chemical
                      composition of the troposphere, and in particular of ozone
                      and sulfate concentrations, for which long-term surface
                      observations are available. In order to separate the impact
                      of the anthropogenic emissions and natural variability on
                      atmospheric chemistry, we compare two model experiments,
                      driven by the same ECMWF re-analysis data, but with varying
                      and constant anthropogenic emissions, respectively. Our
                      model analysis indicates an increase of ca. 1 ppbv (0.055
                      +/- 0.002 ppbv yr(-1)) in global average surface O-3
                      concentrations due to anthropogenic emissions, but this
                      trend is largely masked by the larger O-3 anomalies due to
                      the variability of meteorology and natural emissions. The
                      changes in meteorology (not including stratospheric
                      variations) and natural emissions account for the $75\%$ of
                      the total variability of global average surface O-3
                      concentrations. Regionally, annual mean surface O-3
                      concentrations increased by 1.3 and 1.6 ppbv over Europe and
                      North America, respectively, despite the large anthropogenic
                      emission reductions between 1980 and 2005. A comparison of
                      winter and summer O-3 trends with measurements shows a
                      qualitative agreement, except in North America, where our
                      model erroneously computed a positive trend. Simulated O-3
                      increases of more than 4 ppbv in East Asia and 5 ppbv in
                      South Asia can not be corroborated with long-term
                      observations. Global average sulfate surface concentrations
                      are largely controlled by anthropogenic emissions. Globally
                      natural emissions are an important driver determining AOD
                      variations. Regionally, AOD decreased by $28\%$ over Europe,
                      while it increased by $19\%$ and $26\%$ in East and South
                      Asia. The global radiative perturbation calculated in our
                      model for the period 1980-2005 was rather small (0.05 W
                      m(-2) for O-3 and 0.02 W m(-2) for total aerosol direct
                      effect), but larger perturbations ranging from -0.54 to 1.26
                      W m(-2) are estimated in those regions where anthropogenic
                      emissions largely varied.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IEK-8},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima / PEGASOS - Pan-European
                      Gas-AeroSol-climate interaction Study (265148)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK491 / G:(EU-Grant)265148},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000295368700009},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-11-9563-2011},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/16949},
}