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@ARTICLE{Hogrefe:16950,
      author       = {Hogrefe, C. and Hao, W. and Zalewsky, E.E. and Ku, J.-Y.
                      and Lynn, B. and Rosenzweig, C. and Schultz, M.G. and Rast,
                      S. and Newchurch, M.J. and Wang, L. and Kinney, P.L. and
                      Sistla, G.},
      title        = {{A}n analysis of long-term regional-scale ozone simulations
                      over the {N}orthestern {U}nited {S}tates: variability and
                      trends},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {11},
      issn         = {1680-7316},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-16950},
      pages        = {567 - 582},
      year         = {2011},
      note         = {We gratefully acknowledge the following individuals and
                      groups for providing some of the observational data analyzed
                      in this study: (1) F. Schmidlin of NASA for the ozonesonde
                      data at Wallops Island, VA, (2) the World Ozone and
                      Ultraviolet Radiation Data Center for providing consolidated
                      access to the ozonesonde data at Huntsville, AL, and Wallops
                      Island, VA, and (3) J. W. Munger of Harvard University for
                      the data at Harvard Forest. The work presented in this paper
                      was performed by the New York State Department of
                      Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). However, the views
                      expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views
                      or policies of NYSDEC. Part of the work was supported by
                      NOAA under award NAO40AR4310185185, but it has not been
                      subjected to its required peer and policy review. Therefore,
                      the statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations
                      are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the
                      views of NOAA and no official endorsement should be
                      inferred. M. G. Schultz and S. Rast acknowledge funding from
                      the European Union under the RETRO project.},
      abstract     = {This study presents the results from two sets of 18-year
                      air quality simulations over the Northeastern US performed
                      with a regional photochemical modeling system. These two
                      simulations utilize different sets of lateral boundary
                      conditions, one corresponding to a time-invariant
                      climatological vertical profile and the other derived from
                      monthly mean concentrations extracted from archived
                      ECHAM5-MOZART global simulations. The objective is to
                      provide illustrative examples of how model performance in
                      several key aspects - trends, intra- and interannual
                      variability of ground-level ozone, and ozone/precursor
                      relationships - can be evaluated against available
                      observations, and to identify key inputs and processes that
                      need to be considered when performing and improving such
                      long-term simulations. To this end, several methods for
                      comparing observed and simulated trends and variability of
                      ground level ozone concentrations, ozone precursors and
                      ozone/precursor relationships are introduced. The
                      application of these methods to the simulation using
                      time-invariant boundary conditions reveals that the observed
                      downward trend in the upper percentiles of summertime ozone
                      concentrations is captured by the model in both
                      directionality and magnitude. However, for lower percentiles
                      there is a marked disagreement between observed and
                      simulated trends. In terms of variability, the simulations
                      using the time-invariant boundary conditions underestimate
                      observed inter-annual variability by $30\%-50\%$ depending
                      on the percentiles of the distribution. The use of boundary
                      conditions from the ECHAM5-MOZART simulations improves the
                      representation of interannual variability but has an adverse
                      impact on the simulated ozone trends. Moreover, biases in
                      the global simulations have the potential to significantly
                      affect ozone simulations throughout the modeling domain,
                      both at the surface and aloft. The comparison of both
                      simulations highlights the significant impact lateral
                      boundary conditions can have on a regional air quality
                      model's ability to simulate long-term ozone variability and
                      trends, especially for the lower percentiles of the ozone
                      distribution.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IEK-8},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK491},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000286722300012},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-11-567-2011},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/16950},
}