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000017010 084__ $$2WoS$$aMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
000017010 1001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aWeigel, R.$$b0
000017010 245__ $$aIn situ observations of new particle formation in the tropical upper troposphere: The role of clouds and the nucleation mechanism
000017010 260__ $$aKatlenburg-Lindau$$bEGU$$c2011
000017010 300__ $$a9983 - 10010
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000017010 440_0 $$09601$$aAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics$$v11$$x1680-7316
000017010 500__ $$3POF3_Assignment on 2016-02-29
000017010 500__ $$aThe TROCCINOX and SCOUT-O<INF>3</INF> projects were funded by the EC under Contracts No. EVK2-CT-2001-00122 and 505390-GOCE-CT-2004-505390. The M-55 Geophysica campaigns also were supported by the EEIG-Geophysica Consortium, CNRS-INSU, EC Integrated Projects AMMA-EU (Contract No. 004089-2), and by the DLR. Based on a French initiative, AMMA was funded by several research agencies from France, the United Kingdom, the United States, Africa, Germany, and in particular from the European Community Sixth Framework Program (AMMA-EU). For us significant support also was provided from the Max-Planck-Society. Also we acknowledge logistical support from the AMMA Operations Centre in Niamey, Niger. The local authorities, scientists, and staff in Aracatuba (Brazil), Darwin (Australia) and Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) were extraordinarily helpful for conducting the campaigns. We thank T. Drabo (Ouagadougou), S. Balestri and the entire Geophysica crew, especially the pilots and engineers. Essential technical support for our instruments was provided by T. Bottger, W. Schneider, C. von Glahn, and M. Flanz, and is most gratefully acknowledged. H. Ruba, T. Hamburger and B. Weinzierl are acknowledged for supporting the CPC measurements aboard the DLR Falcon-20. We thank U. Schumann (DLR) for the coordination and the flight planning during TROCCINOX. J. Kazil is supported by the NOAA OAR Climate Program Office grant NA08OAR4310566. The flight missions of the NASA WB-57F aircraft (Pre-AVE, AVE 0506, Cr-AVE and TC4) in the years 2004 to 2007 during which the University of Denver NMASS-FCAS instrument participated have been supported by the NASA Earth Science Division.
000017010 520__ $$aNew particle formation (NPF), which generates nucleation mode aerosol, was observed in the tropical Upper Troposphere (UT) and Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) by in situ airborne measurements over South America (January-March 2005), Australia (November-December 2005), West Africa (August 2006) and Central America (2004-2007). Particularly intense NPF was found at the bottom of the TTL. Measurements with a set of condensation particle counters (CPCs) with different d(p50) (50% lower size detection efficiency diameter or "cut-off diameter") were conducted on board the M-55 Geophysica in the altitude range of 12.0-20.5 km and on board the DLR Falcon-20 at up to 11.5 km altitude. On board the NASA WB-57F size distributions were measured over Central America in the 4 to 1000 nm diameter range with a system of nucleation mode aerosol spectrometers. Nucleation mode particle concentrations (NNM) were derived from these measurements which allow for identifying many NPF events with N-NM in the range of thousands of particles per cm(3). Over Australia and West Africa, we identified NPF in the outflow of tropical convection, in particular of a Mesoscale Convective System (MCS). Newly formed particles with N-NM > 1000 cm(-3) were found to coexist with ice cloud particles (d(p) > 2 mu m) as long as cloud particle concentrations remained below 2 cm(-3). The occurrence of NPF within the upper troposphere and the TTL was generally confined within 340 K to 380 K potential temperature, but NPF was of particular strength between 350 K and 370 K (i.e. similar to 1-4 km below the cold point tropopause). Analyses of the aerosol volatility (at 250 degrees C) show that in the TTL on average 75-90% of the particles were volatile, compared to typically only 50% in the extra-tropical UT, indicative for the particles to mainly consist of H2SO4-H2O and possibly organic compounds. Along two flight segments over Central and South America (24 February 2005 and 7 August 2006, at 12.5 km altitude) in cloud free air, above thin cirrus, particularly high N-NM were observed. Recent lifting had influenced the probed air masses, and N-NM reached up to 16 000 particles cm(-3) (ambient concentration). A sensitivity study using an aerosol model, which includes neutral and ion induced nucleation processes, simulates N-NM in reasonable agreement with the in situ observations of clear-air NPF. Based on new, stringent multi-CPC criteria, our measurements corroborate the hypothesis that the tropical UT and the TTL are regions supplying freshly nucleated particles. Our findings narrow the altitude of the main source region to the bottom TTL, i.e. to the level of main tropical convection outflow, and, by means of measurements of carbon monoxide, they indicate the importance of anthropogenic emissions in NPF. After growth and/or coalescence the nucleation mode particles may act as cloud condensation nuclei in the tropical UT, or, upon ascent into the stratosphere, contribute to maintain the stratospheric background aerosol.
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000017010 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBorrmann, S.$$b1
000017010 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aKazil, J.$$b2
000017010 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aMinikin, A.$$b3
000017010 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aStohl, A.$$b4
000017010 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aWilson, J.C.$$b5
000017010 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aReeves, J.M.$$b6
000017010 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aKunkel, D.$$b7
000017010 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$ade Reus, M.$$b8
000017010 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aFrey, W.$$b9
000017010 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aLovejoy, E.R.$$b10
000017010 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aVolk, C.M.$$b11
000017010 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aViciani, S.$$b12
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000017010 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aShur, G.NN.$$b18
000017010 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBelyaev, G.V.$$b19
000017010 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aCurtius, J.$$b20
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