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@ARTICLE{Voigt:17012,
      author       = {Voigt, C. and Schumann, U. and Jessberger, P. and Jurkat,
                      T. and Petzold, A. and Gayet, J.-F. and Krämer, M. and
                      Thornberry, T. and Fahey, D.W.},
      title        = {{E}xtinction and optical depths of contrails},
      journal      = {Geophysical research letters},
      volume       = {38},
      number       = {11},
      issn         = {0094-8276},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {American Geophysical Union},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-17012},
      pages        = {L11806},
      year         = {2011},
      note         = {The CONCERT campaign was organized by the HGF-junior
                      research group AEROTROP (http://www.pa.op.dlr.de/AEROTROP).
                      Part of this work was funded within the DLR-project CATS and
                      by the DFG SPP HALO 1294. We thank the DLR flight
                      department, the Deutsche Lufthansa (A. Waibel) and DFS for
                      excellent support. D. Schauble, T. Hamburger, A. Minikin and
                      J. Gasteiger are thanked for instrument preparation. H.
                      Schlager provided NOy data. We further thank M. Ponater, C.
                      Fromming and R. Rodriguez de Leon for stimulating
                      discussions.},
      abstract     = {One factor limiting the understanding of the climate impact
                      from contrails and aircraft induced cloud modifications is
                      the accurate determination of their optical depth. To this
                      end, 14 contrails were sampled for 2756 s with instruments
                      onboard the research aircraft Falcon during the CONCERT
                      (CONtrail and Cirrus ExpeRimenT) campaign in November 2008.
                      The young (< 10 min old) contrails were produced by 9
                      commercial aircraft with weights of 47 to 508 t, among them
                      the largest operating passenger aircraft, the Airbus A380.
                      The contrails were observed at temperatures between 214 and
                      224 K and altitudes between 8.8 and 11.1 km. The measured
                      mean in-contrail relative humidity with respect to ice was
                      89 +/- $12\%.$ Six contrails were observed in cloud free
                      air, the others were embedded in thin cirrus clouds. The
                      observed contrails exhibited a mean ice water content of 2
                      mg m(-3) and had a mean number concentration of 117 cm(-3)
                      and effective radius of 2.9 mu m assuming asphericle
                      particles with an aspect ratio of 0.5. Probability density
                      functions of the extinction, with a mean (median) of 1.2
                      (0.7) km(-1), and of the optical depth tau, with a mean
                      (median) of 0.27 (0.13), are derived from the in situ
                      measurements and are likely representative for young
                      contrails from the present-day commercial aircraft fleet at
                      observation conditions. Radiative transfer estimates using
                      the in-situ measured contrail optical depth lead to a
                      year-2005 estimate of line-shaped contrail radiative forcing
                      of 15.9 mWm(-2) with an uncertainty range of 11.1-47.7
                      mWm(-2). Citation: Voigt, C., U. Schumann, P. Jessberger, T.
                      Jurkat, A. Petzold, J.-F. Gayet, M. Kramer, T. Thornberry,
                      and D. W. Fahey (2011), Extinction and optical depth of
                      contrails, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L11806,
                      doi:10.1029/2011GL047189.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK491},
      shelfmark    = {Geosciences, Multidisciplinary},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000291812900001},
      doi          = {10.1029/2011GL047189},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/17012},
}