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@ARTICLE{Kbbeler:17013,
      author       = {Kübbeler, M. and Hildebrandt, M. and Meyer, J. and
                      Schiller, C. and Hamburger, Th. and Jurkat, T. and Minikin,
                      A. and Petzold, A. and Rautenhaus, M. and Schlager, H. and
                      Schumann, U. and Voigt, C. and Spichtinger, J.-F. and Gayet,
                      C. and Gourbeyre, C. and Krämer, M.},
      title        = {{T}hin and subvisible cirrus and contrails in a
                      subsaturated environment},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {11},
      issn         = {1680-7316},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-17013},
      pages        = {5853 - 5865},
      year         = {2011},
      note         = {We greatly acknowledge Andreas Dornbrack for excellent
                      analysis of the meteorological situation during CONCERT,
                      Klaus Gierens for fruitful discussions about contrail
                      formation and development and Dominik Schauble for great
                      assistance with the campaign. Thanks are given to Eric
                      Jensen who provides computer code to calculate contrail
                      thermodynamics. Further, we thank the Falcon team operating
                      the aircraft for their support and the DLR flight department
                      for providing the meteorological parameters, as well as the
                      Deutsche Flugsicherung (DFS) and the Deutsche Lufthansa for
                      excellent help during the campaign. The CONCERT campaign was
                      organized by the Junior research group AEROTROP and in part
                      financed by the DLR project CATS (Climate optimized air
                      traffic system).},
      abstract     = {The frequency of occurrence of cirrus clouds and contrails,
                      their life time, ice crystal size spectra and thus their
                      radiative properties depend strongly on the ambient
                      distribution of the relative humidity with respect to ice
                      (RHice). Ice clouds do not form below a certain
                      supersaturation and both cirrus and contrails need at least
                      saturation conditions to persist over a longer period. Under
                      subsaturated conditions, cirrus and contrails should
                      dissipate. During the mid-latitude aircraft experiment
                      CONCERT 2008 (CONtrail and Cirrus ExpeRimenT), RHice and ice
                      crystals were measured in cirrus and contrails. Here, we
                      present results from 2.3/1.7 h of observation in
                      cirrus/contrails during 6 flights. Thin and subvisible
                      cirrus with contrails embedded therein have been detected
                      frequently in a subsaturated environment. Nevertheless, ice
                      crystals up to radii of 50 mu m and larger, but with low
                      number densities were often observed inside the contrails as
                      well as in the cirrus. Analysis of the meteorological
                      situation indicates that the crystals in the contrails were
                      entrained from the thin/subvisible cirrus clouds, which
                      emerged in frontal systems with low updrafts. From model
                      simulations of cirrus evaporation times it follows that such
                      thin/subvisible cirrus can exist for time periods of a
                      couple of hours and longer in a subsaturated environment and
                      thus may represent a considerable part of the cirrus
                      coverage.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK491},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000291939800019},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-11-5853-2011},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/17013},
}