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@ARTICLE{Kaiser:17051,
      author       = {Kaiser, J.W. and Heil, A. and van der Werf, G.R.},
      title        = {{G}lobal {C}limate - {B}iomass {B}urning (in "{S}tate of
                      the {C}limate 2010")},
      journal      = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
      volume       = {92},
      issn         = {0003-0007},
      address      = {Boston, Mass.},
      publisher    = {ASM},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-17051},
      pages        = {72 - 74},
      year         = {2011},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {Several large-scale climate patterns influenced climate
                      conditions and weather patterns across the globe during
                      2010. The transition from a warm El Nino phase at the
                      beginning of the year to a cool La Nina phase by July
                      contributed to many notable events, ranging from record
                      wetness across much of Australia to historically low Eastern
                      Pacific basin and near-record high North Atlantic basin
                      hurricane activity. The remaining five main hurricane basins
                      experienced below-to well-below-normal tropical cyclone
                      activity. The negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation was a
                      major driver of Northern Hemisphere temperature patterns
                      during 2009/10 winter and again in late 2010. It contributed
                      to record snowfall and unusually low temperatures over much
                      of northern Eurasia and parts of the United States, while
                      bringing above-normal temperatures to the high northern
                      latitudes. The February Arctic Oscillation Index value was
                      the most negative since records began in 1950.The 2010
                      average global land and ocean surface temperature was among
                      the two warmest years on record. The Arctic continued to
                      warm at about twice the rate of lower latitudes. The eastern
                      and tropical Pacific Ocean cooled about 1 C from 2009 to
                      2010, reflecting the transition from the 2009/10 El Nino to
                      the 2010/11 La Nina. Ocean heat fluxes contributed to warm
                      sea surface temperature anomalies in the North Atlantic and
                      the tropical Indian and western Pacific Oceans. Global
                      integrals of upper ocean heat content for the past several
                      years have reached values consistently higher than for all
                      prior times in the record, demonstrating the dominant role
                      of the ocean in the Earth's energy budget. Deep and abyssal
                      waters of Antarctic origin have also trended warmer on
                      average since the early 1990s. Lower tropospheric
                      temperatures typically lag ENSO surface fluctuations by two
                      to four months, thus the 2010 temperature was dominated by
                      the warm phase El Nino conditions that occurred during the
                      latter half of 2009 and early 2010 and was second warmest on
                      record. The stratosphere continued to be anomalously
                      cool.Annual global precipitation over land areas was about
                      five percent above normal. Precipitation over the ocean was
                      drier than normal after a wet year in 2009. Overall, saltier
                      (higher evaporation) regions of the ocean surface continue
                      to be anomalously salty, and fresher (higher precipitation)
                      regions continue to be anomalously fresh. This salinity
                      pattern, which has held since at least 2004, suggests an
                      increase in the hydrological cycle.Sea ice conditions in the
                      Arctic were significantly different than those in the
                      Antarctic during the year. The annual minimum ice extent in
                      the Arctic-reached in September-was the third lowest on
                      record since 1979. In the Antarctic, zonally averaged sea
                      ice extent reached an all-time record maximum from mid-June
                      through late August and again from mid-November through
                      early December. Corresponding record positive Southern
                      Hemisphere Annular Mode Indices influenced the Antarctic sea
                      ice extents.Greenland glaciers lost more mass than any other
                      year in the decade-long record. The Greenland Ice Sheet lost
                      a record amount of mass, as the melt rate was the highest
                      since at least 1958, and the area and duration of the
                      melting was greater than any year since at least 1978. High
                      summer air temperatures and a longer melt season also caused
                      a continued increase in the rate of ice mass loss from small
                      glaciers and ice caps in the Canadian Arctic. Coastal sites
                      in Alaska show continuous permafrost warming and sites in
                      Alaska, Canada, and Russia indicate more significant warming
                      in relatively cold permafrost than in warm permafrost in the
                      same geographical area. With regional differences,
                      permafrost temperatures are now up to 2 C warmer than they
                      were 20 to 30 years ago. Preliminary data indicate there is
                      a high probability that 2010 will be the 20th consecutive
                      year that alpine glaciers have lost mass.Atmospheric
                      greenhouse gas concentrations continued to rise and ozone
                      depleting substances continued to decrease. Carbon dioxide
                      increased by 2.60 ppm in 2010, a rate above both the 2009
                      and the 1980-2010 average rates. The global ocean carbon
                      dioxide uptake for the 2009 transition period from La Nina
                      to El Nino conditions, the most recent period for which
                      analyzed data are available, is estimated to be similar to
                      the long-term average. The 2010 Antarctic ozone hole was
                      among the lowest $20\%$ compared with other years since
                      1990, a result of warmer-than-average temperatures in the
                      Antarctic stratosphere during austral winter between
                      mid-July and early September.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IEK-8},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK491},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000293132800003},
      doi          = {10.1175/1520-0477-92.6.S1},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/17051},
}