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@ARTICLE{Viola:171954,
      author       = {Viola, G. and DiVincenzo, David},
      title        = {{H}all {E}ffect {G}yrators and {C}irculators},
      journal      = {Physical review / X},
      volume       = {4},
      issn         = {2160-3308},
      address      = {College Park, Md.},
      publisher    = {APS},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2014-05508},
      pages        = {021019},
      year         = {2014},
      note         = {Erratum Phys. Rev. X 4, 039902 (2014)},
      abstract     = {The electronic circulator and its close relative the
                      gyrator are invaluable tools for noise management and signal
                      routing in the current generation of low-temperature
                      microwave systems for the implementation of new quantum
                      technologies. The current implementation of these devices
                      using the Faraday effect is satisfactory but requires a
                      bulky structure whose physical dimension is close to the
                      microwave wavelength employed. The Hall effect is an
                      alternative nonreciprocal effect that can also be used to
                      produce desired device functionality. We review earlier
                      efforts to use an Ohmically contacted four-terminal Hall
                      bar, explaining why this approach leads to unacceptably high
                      device loss. We find that capacitive coupling to such a Hall
                      conductor has much greater promise for achieving good
                      circulator and gyrator functionality. We formulate a
                      classical Ohm-Hall analysis for calculating the properties
                      of such a device, and show how this classical theory
                      simplifies remarkably in the limiting case of the Hall angle
                      approaching 90°. In this limit, we find that either a
                      four-terminal or a three-terminal capacitive device can give
                      excellent circulator behavior, with device dimensions far
                      smaller than the ac wavelength. An experiment is proposed to
                      achieve GHz-band gyration in millimeter (and smaller) scale
                      structures employing either semiconductor heterostructure or
                      graphene Hall conductors. An inductively coupled scheme for
                      realizing a Hall gyrator is also analyzed.},
      cin          = {PGI-2 / IAS-3},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)PGI-2-20110106 / I:(DE-Juel1)IAS-3-20090406},
      pnm          = {422 - Spin-based and quantum information (POF2-422)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-422},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000336121400001},
      doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevX.4.021019},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/171954},
}