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@ARTICLE{Altdorff:172405,
      author       = {Altdorff, Daniel and Dietrich, Peter},
      title        = {{D}elineation of areas with different temporal behavior of
                      soilproperties at a landslide affected {A}lpine hillside
                      using time-lapseelectromagnetic data},
      journal      = {Environmental earth sciences},
      volume       = {72},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {1866-6280},
      address      = {Berlin},
      publisher    = {Springer},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2014-05885},
      pages        = {1357-1366},
      year         = {2014},
      abstract     = {Landslide activity is largely controlled bychanges in soil
                      properties, particularly soil moisture and thecorresponding
                      changes in pore pressure within the vadosezone. While
                      knowledge of changes in soil conditions is ofutmost
                      importance for the prediction of landslides, it isdifficult
                      to obtain reliable information on the field scale.
                      Apossibility of filling that information gap is the
                      monitoringof changes in soil properties by time-lapse
                      electromagneticinduction (EMI) data. Given the relative
                      stability of soilproperties, changes in apparent electric
                      conductivity (ECa)are mainly related to changes in soil
                      water content and itsmineralization. Thus, we use time-lapse
                      ECa data over anine-month period from different
                      investigation depths(0.75, 1.5, 3, and 6 m) to separate
                      areas with differenttemporal behavior of soil properties.
                      However, workingwith time-lapse EMI data raised the
                      comparability problemsince the recoded ECa is also affected
                      by several dayspecificsurvey conditions (e.g., instrument
                      temperature,operator). Consequently, the reproducibility of
                      accurateECa measurements is difficult due to potential
                      dynamicshifts which hinders a direct comparing. We introduce
                      inthis study a straightforward method for comparability
                      ofECa values from different time steps by normalization
                      ofdata ranges assuming that the majority of shifts of
                      measureddata originate from field calibration. We identify
                      theintensity of spatial changes by means of the
                      standarddeviation (SD) as an indication for the intensity of
                      soilproperties variability. To obtain the temporal changes
                      andits progression over time, we separate the dynamic
                      signalfrom the background. A two-layer system could be
                      identified:one shallow more dynamic layer with an
                      east–westorientedstructure and a deeper, more stationary
                      layer witha north–south-oriented structure. The ECa
                      dynamics of theshallow layer is related to the altitude (R2
                      = 0.84) whilethe deeper dynamics follow a different regime.
                      Thedecreasing of ECa dynamics with depth was consistentwith
                      the decreasing of SWC dynamics observed by previousstudies.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {246 - Modelling and Monitoring Terrestrial Systems: Methods
                      and Technologies (POF2-246) / 255 - Terrestrial Systems:
                      From Observation to Prediction (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-246 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000341085400005},
      doi          = {10.1007/s12665-014-3240-7},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/172405},
}