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@ARTICLE{Kalogeopoulos:17298,
      author       = {Kalogeopoulos, A. and van der Kruk, J. and Hugenschmidt, H.
                      and Merz, K.},
      title        = {{C}hlorides and {M}oisture {A}ssessment in {C}oncrete by
                      {GPR} {F}ull-{W}aveform {I}nversion},
      journal      = {Near surface geophysics},
      volume       = {9},
      issn         = {1569-4445},
      address      = {Houten},
      publisher    = {EAGE},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-17298},
      pages        = {277 - 285},
      year         = {2011},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {Corrosion of rebar within reinforced concrete is a major
                      problem for countries where salt is applied to roads for
                      de-icing. Concrete structures are periodically inspected in
                      order to monitor possible damage caused by chloride-induced
                      corrosion of the reinforcement. However, the available
                      drilling and visual inspections do not supply sufficient
                      spatial information or can only be assessed in advanced
                      stages of corrosion, respectively. Consequently, the
                      condition of bridge decks can only be assessed with low
                      certainty. Therefore, a spatially continuous and
                      non-destructive method detecting chloride in concrete
                      structures is desirable. This paper describes a novel method
                      to estimate material properties using the full-waveform
                      inversion of bistatic off-ground ground penetrating radar
                      data. In this way, all information present in the
                      ground-penetrating radar (GPR) traces is used, which enables
                      the estimation of quantitative electromagnetic properties. A
                      critical step for full-waveform inversion is a proper
                      characterization of our horn antenna GPR system by
                      estimating the phase centre and the effective wavelet using
                      measurements over a stainless steel plate. The inversion of
                      GPR data measured over nine concrete specimens having
                      different moisture and chloride contents returned a relative
                      dielectric permittivity and a conductivity that included a
                      frequency-dependent component. As expected, the inversion
                      results for almost all specimens showed for increasing
                      chloride and humidity content specimens increasing
                      conductivity and permittivity values, respectively. In
                      contrast to traditional ray-based techniques we were able to
                      distinguish between moisture and chloride effects and to
                      obtain quantitative values for the permittivity and
                      conductivity. For increasing chloride content increasing
                      frequency-dependent conductivity values were obtained.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {Terrestrische Umwelt},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK407},
      shelfmark    = {Geochemistry $\&$ Geophysics},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000300855400005},
      doi          = {10.3997/1873-0604.2010064},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/17298},
}