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@ARTICLE{Pommrich:173262,
      author       = {Pommrich, R. and Müller, Rolf and Grooß, J.-U. and
                      Konopka, P. and Ploeger, F. and Vogel, B. and Tao, M. and
                      Hoppe, Charlotte and Günther, G. and Spelten, N. and
                      Hoffmann, L. and Pumphrey, H.-C. and Viciani, S. and
                      D'Amato, F. and Volk, C. M. and Hoor, P. and Schlager, H.
                      and Riese, M.},
      title        = {{T}ropical troposphere to stratosphere transport of carbon
                      monoxide and long-lived trace species in the {C}hemical
                      {L}agrangian {M}odel of the {S}tratosphere ({CL}a{MS})},
      journal      = {Geoscientific model development},
      volume       = {7},
      number       = {6},
      issn         = {1991-9603},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {Copernicus},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2014-06673},
      pages        = {2895 - 2916},
      year         = {2014},
      abstract     = {Variations in the mixing ratio of trace gases of
                      tropospheric origin entering the stratosphere in the tropics
                      are of interest for assessing both troposphere to
                      stratosphere transport fluxes in the tropics and the impact
                      of these transport fluxes on the composition of the tropical
                      lower stratosphere. Anomaly patterns of carbon monoxide (CO)
                      and long-lived tracers in the lower tropical stratosphere
                      allow conclusions about the rate and the variability of
                      tropical upwelling to be drawn. Here, we present a
                      simplified chemistry scheme for the Chemical Lagrangian
                      Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) for the simulation, at
                      comparatively low numerical cost, of CO, ozone, and
                      long-lived trace substances (CH4, N2O, CCl3F (CFC-11),
                      CCl2F2 (CFC-12), and CO2) in the lower tropical
                      stratosphere. For the long-lived trace substances, the
                      boundary conditions at the surface are prescribed based on
                      ground-based measurements in the lowest model level. The
                      boundary condition for CO in the lower troposphere (below
                      about 4 km) is deduced from MOPITT measurements. Due to the
                      lack of a specific representation of mixing and convective
                      uplift in the troposphere in this model version, enhanced CO
                      values, in particular those resulting from convective
                      outflow are underestimated. However, in the tropical
                      tropopause layer and the lower tropical stratosphere, there
                      is relatively good agreement of simulated CO with in situ
                      measurements (with the exception of the TROCCINOX campaign,
                      where CO in the simulation is biased low ≈10–15 ppbv).
                      Further, the model results (and therefore also the
                      ERA-Interim winds, on which the transport in the model is
                      based) are of sufficient quality to describe large scale
                      anomaly patterns of CO in the lower stratosphere. In
                      particular, the zonally averaged tropical CO anomaly
                      patterns (the so called "tape recorder" patterns) simulated
                      by this model version of CLaMS are in good agreement with
                      observations, although the simulations show a too rapid
                      upwelling compared to observations as a consequence of the
                      overestimated vertical velocities in the ERA-Interim
                      reanalysis data set. Moreover, the simulated tropical
                      anomaly patterns of N2O are in good agreement with
                      observations. In the simulations, anomaly patterns of CH4
                      and CFC-11 were found to be very similar to those of N2O;
                      for all long-lived tracers, positive anomalies are simulated
                      because of the enhanced tropical upwelling in the easterly
                      shear phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation.},
      cin          = {IEK-7 / JSC},
      ddc          = {910},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {234 - Composition and Dynamics of the Upper Troposphere and
                      Stratosphere (POF2-234) / 411 - Computational Science and
                      Mathematical Methods (POF2-411) / HITEC - Helmholtz
                      Interdisciplinary Doctoral Training in Energy and Climate
                      Research (HITEC) (HITEC-20170406)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-234 / G:(DE-HGF)POF2-411 /
                      G:(DE-Juel1)HITEC-20170406},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000346142200022},
      doi          = {10.5194/gmd-7-2895-2014},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/173262},
}