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@ARTICLE{Plger:17546,
      author       = {Plöger, F. and Konopka, P. and Müller, R. and
                      Fueglistaler, S. and Schmidt, T. and Manners, J.C. and
                      Grooß, J.-U. and Günther, G. and Riese, M.},
      title        = {{H}orizontal transport affecting trace gas seasonality in
                      the {T}ropical {T}ropopause {L}ayer ({TTL})},
      journal      = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
      volume       = {117},
      issn         = {0148-0227},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {Union},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-17546},
      pages        = {D09303},
      year         = {2012},
      note         = {We thank M. Volk and Bill Randel for helpful discussions
                      and the ECMWF for providing the reanalysis data. F. Ploeger
                      thanks COST for funding a Short Term Scientific Mission at
                      DAMTP/Cambridge.},
      abstract     = {We analyze horizontal transport from midlatitudes into the
                      tropics (in-mixing) and its impact on seasonal variations of
                      ozone, carbon monoxide and water vapor in the Tropical
                      Tropopause Layer (TTL). For this purpose, we use
                      three-dimensional backward trajectories, driven by ECMWF
                      ERA-Interim winds, and a conceptual one-dimensional model of
                      the chemical composition of the TTL. We find that the
                      fraction of in-mixed midlatitude air shows an annual cycle
                      with maximum during NH summer, resulting from the
                      superposition of two inversely phased annual cycles for
                      in-mixing from the NH and SH, respectively. In-mixing is
                      driven by the monsoonal upper-level anticyclonic
                      circulations. This circulation pattern is dominated by the
                      Southeast Asian summer monsoon and, correspondingly,
                      in-mixing shows an annual cycle. The impact of in-mixing on
                      TTL mixing ratios depends on the in-mixed fraction of
                      midlatitude air and on the meridional gradient of the
                      particular species. For CO the meridional gradient and
                      consequently the effect of in-mixing is weak. For water
                      vapor, in-mixing effects are negligible. For ozone, the
                      meridional gradient is large and the contribution of
                      in-mixing to the ozone maximum during NH summer is about
                      $50\%.$ This in-mixing contribution is not sensitive to the
                      tropical ascent velocity, which is about $40\%$ too fast in
                      ERA-Interim. As photochemically produced ozone in the TTL
                      shows no distinct summer maximum, the ozone annual anomaly
                      in the upper TTL turns out to be mainly forced by in-mixing
                      of ozone-rich extratropical air during NH summer.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK491},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000304008600005},
      doi          = {10.1029/2011JD017267},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/17546},
}