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@ARTICLE{Lohmann:1795,
      author       = {Lohmann, U. and Spichtinger, P. and Jess, S. and Peter, T.
                      and Smit, H. G. J.},
      title        = {{C}irrus clouds formation and ice supersaturated regions in
                      a global climate model},
      journal      = {Environmental research letters},
      volume       = {3},
      issn         = {1748-9326},
      address      = {Bristol},
      publisher    = {IOP Publ.},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-1795},
      pages        = {045022-1 - 045022-11},
      year         = {2008},
      note         = {We thank the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful
                      comments and suggestions, Claudia Stubenrauch for providing
                      the TOVS data, Sylvaine Ferrachat and Rebekka Posselt for
                      technical help and the German (DKRZ) and Swiss Computing
                      Centres (CSCS) for computing time. This study contributed
                      towards the Swiss climate research program NCCR Climate. It
                      was partly supported by the EC within the framework of the
                      MC fellowship 'Impact of mesoscale dynamics and aerosols on
                      the life cycle of cirrus clouds' and partly by the
                      Integrated Project SCOUT- O3.},
      abstract     = {At temperatures below 238 K, cirrus clouds can form by
                      homogeneous and heterogeneous ice nucleation mechanisms.
                      ECHAM5 contains a two-moment cloud microphysics scheme and
                      permits cirrus formation by homogeneous freezing of solution
                      droplets and heterogeneous freezing on immersed dust nuclei.
                      On changing the mass accommodation coefficient, alpha, of
                      water vapor on ice crystals from 0.5 in the standard ECHAM5
                      simulation to 0.006 as suggested by previous laboratory
                      experiments, the number of ice crystals increases by a
                      factor of 14, as a result of the delayed relaxation of
                      supersaturation. At the same time, the ice water path
                      increases by only $29\%$ in the global annual mean,
                      indicating that the ice crystals are much smaller in the
                      case of low alpha. As a consequence, the short wave and long
                      wave cloud forcing at the top of the atmosphere increase by
                      15 and 18 W m(-2), respectively. Assuming heterogeneous
                      freezing caused by immersed dust particles instead of
                      homogeneous freezing, the effect is much weaker, decreasing
                      the global annual mean short wave and long wave cloud
                      forcing by 2.7 and 4.7 W m(-2). Overall, these results
                      provide little support, if any, for kinetic growth
                      limitation of ice particles (i.e. a very low alpha).},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-2},
      ddc          = {690},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB791},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK406},
      shelfmark    = {Environmental Sciences / Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric
                      Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000265878400032},
      doi          = {10.1088/1748-9326/3/4/045022},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1795},
}