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@ARTICLE{Fahey:185574,
      author       = {Fahey, D. W. and Gao, R.-S. and Möhler, O. and Saathoff,
                      H. and Schiller, C. and Ebert, V. and Krämer, M. and Peter,
                      T. and Amarouche, N. and Avallone, L. M. and Bauer, R. and
                      Bozóki, Z. and Christensen, L. E. and Davis, S. M. and
                      Durry, G. and Dyroff, C. and Herman, R. L. and Hunsmann, S.
                      and Khaykin, S. M. and Mackrodt, P. and Meyer, J. and Smith,
                      J. B. and Spelten, N. and Troy, R. F. and Vömel, H. and
                      Wagner, S. and Wienhold, F. G.},
      title        = {{T}he {A}qua{VIT}-1 intercomparison of atmospheric water
                      vapor measurement techniques},
      journal      = {Atmospheric measurement techniques},
      volume       = {7},
      number       = {9},
      issn         = {1867-8548},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {Copernicus},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2014-07000},
      pages        = {3177 - 3213},
      year         = {2014},
      abstract     = {The AquaVIT-1 intercomparison of atmospheric water vapor
                      measurement techniques was conducted at the aerosol and
                      cloud simulation chamber AIDA (Aerosol Interaction and
                      Dynamics in the Atmosphere) at the Karlsruhe Institute of
                      Technology, Germany, in October 2007. The overall objective
                      was to intercompare state-of-the-art and prototype
                      atmospheric hygrometers with each other and with independent
                      humidity standards under controlled conditions. This
                      activity was conducted as a blind intercomparison with
                      coordination by selected referees. The effort was motivated
                      by persistent discrepancies found in atmospheric
                      measurements involving multiple instruments operating on
                      research aircraft and balloon platforms, particularly in the
                      upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, where water vapor
                      reaches its lowest atmospheric values (less than 10 ppm).
                      With the AIDA chamber volume of 84 m3, multiple instruments
                      analyzed air with a common water vapor mixing ratio, by
                      extracting air into instrument flow systems, by locating
                      instruments inside the chamber, or by sampling the chamber
                      volume optically. The intercomparison was successfully
                      conducted over 10 days during which pressure, temperature,
                      and mixing ratio were systematically varied (50 to 500 hPa,
                      185 to 243 K, and 0.3 to 152 ppm). In the absence of an
                      accepted reference instrument, the absolute accuracy of the
                      instruments was not established. To evaluate the
                      intercomparison, the reference value was taken to be the
                      ensemble mean of a core subset of the measurements. For
                      these core instruments, the agreement between 10 and 150 ppm
                      of water vapor is considered good with variation about the
                      reference value of about $±10\%$ (±1σ). In the region of
                      most interest between 1 and 10 ppm, the core subset
                      agreement is fair with variation about the reference value
                      of $±20\%$ (±1σ). The upper limit of precision was also
                      derived for each instrument from the reported data. The
                      implication for atmospheric measurements is that the
                      substantially larger differences observed during in-flight
                      intercomparisons stem from other factors associated with the
                      moving platforms or the non-laboratory environment. The
                      success of AquaVIT-1 provides a template for future
                      intercomparison efforts with water vapor or other species
                      that are focused on improving the analytical quality of
                      atmospheric measurements on moving platforms.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {234 - Composition and Dynamics of the Upper Troposphere and
                      Stratosphere (POF2-234)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-234},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000343119600026},
      doi          = {10.5194/amt-7-3177-2014},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/185574},
}