000186401 001__ 186401 000186401 005__ 20240619092038.0 000186401 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1021/la502706k 000186401 0247_ $$2ISSN$$a0743-7463 000186401 0247_ $$2ISSN$$a1520-5827 000186401 0247_ $$2WOS$$aWOS:000347140000005 000186401 037__ $$aFZJ-2015-00477 000186401 082__ $$a670 000186401 1001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDahdal, Y. N.$$b0 000186401 245__ $$aSmall-Angle Neutron Scattering Studies of Mineralization on BSA Coated Citrate Capped Gold Nanoparticles Used as a Model Surface for Membrane Scaling in RO Wastewater Desalination 000186401 260__ $$aWashington, DC$$bACS Publ.$$c2014 000186401 3367_ $$0PUB:(DE-HGF)16$$2PUB:(DE-HGF)$$aJournal Article$$bjournal$$mjournal$$s1421308908_12769 000186401 3367_ $$2DataCite$$aOutput Types/Journal article 000186401 3367_ $$00$$2EndNote$$aJournal Article 000186401 3367_ $$2BibTeX$$aARTICLE 000186401 3367_ $$2ORCID$$aJOURNAL_ARTICLE 000186401 3367_ $$2DRIVER$$aarticle 000186401 520__ $$aBovine serum albumin (BSA) coated on citrate capped gold nanoparticles (BSA-GNPs) was exposed to a simulated wastewater effluent (SSE) in order to study the mineralization and thereby mimic scaling at biofouled membranes of reverse osmosis (RO) wastewater desalination plants. RO is a leading technology of achieving freshwater quality as it has the capability of removing both dissolved inorganic salts and organic contaminants from tertiary wastewater effluents. The aim was to better understand one of the major problems facing this technology which is fouling of the membranes, mainly biofouling and scaling by calcium phosphate. The experiments were performed using the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) technique. The nanoparticles, GNPs, stabilized by the citrate groups showed 30 Å large particles having a homogeneous distribution of gold and citrate with a gold volume fraction of the order of 1%. On the average two BSA monomers are grafted at 2.4 GNPs. The exposed BSA-GNPs to SSE solution led to immediate mineralization of stable composite particles of the order of 0.2 μm diameter and a mineral volume fraction between 50% and 80%. The volume fraction of the mineral was of the order of 10–5, which is roughly 3 times larger but an order of magnitude smaller than the maximum possible contents of respectively calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate in the SSE solution. 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