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@ARTICLE{Dahdal:186401,
      author       = {Dahdal, Y. N. and Pipich, V. and Rapaport, H. and Oren, Y.
                      and Kasher, R. and Schwahn, Dietmar},
      title        = {{S}mall-{A}ngle {N}eutron {S}cattering {S}tudies of
                      {M}ineralization on {BSA} {C}oated {C}itrate {C}apped {G}old
                      {N}anoparticles {U}sed as a {M}odel {S}urface for {M}embrane
                      {S}caling in {RO} {W}astewater {D}esalination},
      journal      = {Langmuir},
      volume       = {30},
      number       = {50},
      issn         = {1520-5827},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {ACS Publ.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-00477},
      pages        = {15072 - 15082},
      year         = {2014},
      abstract     = {Bovine serum albumin (BSA) coated on citrate capped gold
                      nanoparticles (BSA-GNPs) was exposed to a simulated
                      wastewater effluent (SSE) in order to study the
                      mineralization and thereby mimic scaling at biofouled
                      membranes of reverse osmosis (RO) wastewater desalination
                      plants. RO is a leading technology of achieving freshwater
                      quality as it has the capability of removing both dissolved
                      inorganic salts and organic contaminants from tertiary
                      wastewater effluents. The aim was to better understand one
                      of the major problems facing this technology which is
                      fouling of the membranes, mainly biofouling and scaling by
                      calcium phosphate. The experiments were performed using the
                      small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) technique. The
                      nanoparticles, GNPs, stabilized by the citrate groups showed
                      30 Å large particles having a homogeneous distribution of
                      gold and citrate with a gold volume fraction of the order of
                      $1\%.$ On the average two BSA monomers are grafted at 2.4
                      GNPs. The exposed BSA-GNPs to SSE solution led to immediate
                      mineralization of stable composite particles of the order of
                      0.2 μm diameter and a mineral volume fraction between
                      $50\%$ and $80\%.$ The volume fraction of the mineral was of
                      the order of 10–5, which is roughly 3 times larger but an
                      order of magnitude smaller than the maximum possible
                      contents of respectively calcium phosphate and calcium
                      carbonate in the SSE solution. Considering the extreme low
                      solubility product of calcium phosphate, we suggest total
                      calcium phosphate and partially $(5–10\%)$ calcium
                      carbonate formation in the presence of BSA-GNPs.},
      cin          = {JCNS (München) ; Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS
                      (München) ; JCNS-FRM-II / Neutronenstreuung ; JCNS-1 /
                      ICS-1},
      ddc          = {670},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-FRM-II-20110218 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-1-20110106 / I:(DE-Juel1)ICS-1-20110106},
      pnm          = {451 - Soft Matter Composites (POF2-451) / 54G - JCNS
                      (POF2-54G24)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-451 / G:(DE-HGF)POF2-54G24},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)KWS1-20140101 / EXP:(DE-MLZ)KWS2-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000347140000005},
      doi          = {10.1021/la502706k},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/186401},
}