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@ARTICLE{Maier:187642,
      author       = {Maier, F. and Ellereit, A. L. and Eggers, C. and Lewis, C.
                      J. and Pelzer, E. and Kalbe, E. and Ernstmann, N. and
                      Prigatano, G. P. and Fink, Gereon Rudolf and Timmermann, L.},
      title        = {{D}evelopment and psychometric evaluation of a scale to
                      measure impaired self-awareness of hyper- and hypokinetic
                      movements in {P}arkinson’s disease},
      journal      = {Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society},
      volume       = {21},
      number       = {3},
      issn         = {1355-6177},
      address      = {Cambridge},
      publisher    = {Cambridge Univ. Press},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-01268},
      pages        = {221-230},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {Objective: Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) can
                      show impaired self-awareness of motor deficits (ISAm). We
                      developed a new scale that measures ISAm severity of hyper-
                      and hypokinetic movements in PD during medication on state
                      and defined its psychometric criteria. Method: Included were
                      104 right-handed, non-depressed, non-demented patients.
                      Concerning ISAm, 38 motor symptoms were assessed using seven
                      tasks, which were performed and self-rated concerning
                      presence of deficit (yes/no) by all patients. The whole
                      procedure was videotaped. Motor symptoms were then evaluated
                      by two independent experts, blinded for patient’s ratings,
                      concerning presence, awareness of deficit, and severity.
                      Exploratory principal component analysis (promax rotation)
                      was applied to reduce items. Principal axis factoring was
                      conducted to extract factors. Reliability was examined
                      regarding internal consistency, split-half reliability, and
                      interrater reliability. Validity was verified by applying
                      two additional measures of ISAm. Results: Of the initial 38
                      symptoms, 15 remained, assessed in five motor tasks and
                      merged to a total severity score. Factor analysis resulted
                      in a four factor solution (dyskinesia, resting tremor right
                      hand, resting tremor left hand, bradykinesia). For all
                      subscales and the total score, measures of reliability
                      (values 0.64–0.89) and validity (effect sizes>0.3) were
                      satisfactory. Descriptive results showed that $66\%$ of
                      patients had signs of ISAm (median 2, range 0–15), with
                      ISAm being most distinct for dyskinesia. Conclusions: We
                      provide the first validation of a test for ISAm in PD. Using
                      this instrument, future studies can further analyze the
                      pathophysiology of ISAm, the psychosocial sequelae,
                      therapeutic strategies and compliance with therapy. (JINS,
                      2015, 21, 1–10)},
      cin          = {INM-3},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-3-20090406},
      pnm          = {572 - (Dys-)function and Plasticity (POF3-572)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-572},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000354027000005},
      pubmed       = {pmid:25687696},
      doi          = {10.1017/S1355617715000107},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/187642},
}