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@ARTICLE{Collins:188301,
      author       = {Collins, D. B. and Zhao, Defeng and Ruppel, M. J. and
                      Laskina, O. and Grandquist, J. R. and Modini, R. L. and
                      Stokes, M. D. and Russell, L. M. and Bertram, T. H. and
                      Grassian, V. H. and Deane, G. B. and Prather, K. A.},
      title        = {{D}irect aerosol chemical composition measurements to
                      evaluate the physicochemical differences between controlled
                      sea spray aerosol generation schemes},
      journal      = {Atmospheric measurement techniques},
      volume       = {7},
      number       = {11},
      issn         = {1867-8548},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {Copernicus},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-01721},
      pages        = {3667 - 3683},
      year         = {2014},
      abstract     = {Controlled laboratory studies of the physical and chemical
                      properties of sea spray aerosol (SSA) must be under-pinned
                      by a physically and chemically accurate representation of
                      the bubble-mediated production of nascent SSA particles.
                      Bubble bursting is sensitive to the physico-chemical
                      properties of seawater. For a sample of seawater, any
                      important differences in the SSA production mechanism are
                      projected into the composition of the aerosol particles
                      produced. Using direct chemical measurements of SSA at the
                      single-particle level, this study presents an
                      intercomparison of three laboratory-based, bubble-mediated
                      SSA production schemes: gas forced through submerged
                      sintered glass filters ("frits"), a pulsed
                      plunging-waterfall apparatus, and breaking waves in a wave
                      channel filled with natural seawater. The size-resolved
                      chemical composition of SSA particles produced by breaking
                      waves is more similar to particles produced by the plunging
                      waterfall than those produced by sintered glass filters.
                      Aerosol generated by disintegrating foam produced by
                      sintered glass filters contained a larger fraction of
                      organic-enriched particles and a different size-resolved
                      elemental composition, especially in the 0.8–2 μm dry
                      diameter range. Interestingly, chemical differences between
                      the methods only emerged when the particles were chemically
                      analyzed at the single-particle level as a function of size;
                      averaging the elemental composition of all particles across
                      all sizes masked the differences between the SSA samples.
                      When dried, SSA generated by the sintered glass filters had
                      the highest fraction of particles with spherical morphology
                      compared to the more cubic structure expected for pure NaCl
                      particles produced when the particle contains relatively
                      little organic carbon. In addition to an intercomparison of
                      three SSA production methods, the role of the episodic or
                      "pulsed" nature of the waterfall method on SSA composition
                      was under-taken. In organic-enriched seawater, the
                      continuous operation of the plunging waterfall resulted in
                      the accumulation of surface foam and an over-expression of
                      organic matter in SSA particles compared to those produced
                      by a pulsed plunging waterfall. Throughout this set of
                      experiments, comparative differences in the SSA number size
                      distribution were coincident with differences in aerosol
                      particle composition, indicating that the production
                      mechanism of SSA exerts important controls on both the
                      physical and chemical properties of the resulting aerosol
                      with respect to both the internal and external mixing state
                      of particles. This study provides insight into the
                      inextricable physicochemical differences between each of the
                      bubble-mediated SSA generation mechanisms tested and the
                      aerosol particles that they produce, and also serves as a
                      guideline for future laboratory studies of SSA particles.},
      cin          = {IEK-8},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {233 - Trace gas and aerosol processes in the troposphere
                      (POF2-233)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-233},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000345781000004},
      doi          = {10.5194/amt-7-3667-2014},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/188301},
}