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@ARTICLE{Walter:188718,
      author       = {Walter, H. L. and Walberer, M. and Rueger, M. A. and
                      Backes, H. and Wiedermann, D. and Hoehn, M. and Neumaier, B.
                      and Graf, R. and Fink, G. R. and Schroeter, M.},
      title        = {{I}n vivo analysis of neuroinflammation in the late chronic
                      phase after experimental stroke},
      journal      = {Neuroscience},
      volume       = {292},
      issn         = {0306-4522},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-02042},
      pages        = {71 - 80},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {Background and purpose: In vivo imaging of inflammatory
                      processes is a valuable tool in stroke research. We here
                      investigated the combination of two imaging modalities in
                      the chronic phase after cerebral ischemia: magnetic
                      resonance imaging (MRI) using intravenously applied ultra
                      small supraparamagnetic iron oxide particles (USPIO), and
                      positron emission tomography (PET) with the tracer
                      [11C]PK11195. Methods: Rats were subjected to permanent
                      middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) by the macrosphere
                      model and monitored by MRI and PET for 28 or 56 days,
                      followed by immunohistochemical endpoint analysis. To our
                      knowledge, this is the first study providing USPIO-MRI data
                      in the chronic phase up to 8 weeks after stroke. Results:
                      Phagocytes with internalized USPIOs induced MRI-T2∗ signal
                      alterations in the brain. Combined analysis with
                      [11C]PK11195-PET allowed quantification of phagocytic
                      activity and other neuroinflammatory processes. From 4 weeks
                      after induction of ischemia, inflammation was dominated by
                      phagocytes. Immunohistochemistry revealed colocalization of
                      Iba1+ microglia with [11C]PK11195 and ED1/CD68 with USPIOs.
                      USPIO-related iron was distinguished from alternatively
                      deposited iron by assessing MRI before and after USPIO
                      application. Tissue affected by non-phagocytic inflammation
                      during the first week mostly remained in a viably vital but
                      remodeled state after 4 or 8 weeks, while phagocytic
                      activity was associated with severe injury and necrosis
                      accordingly. Conclusions: We conclude that the combined
                      approach of USPIO-MRI and [11C]PK11195-PET allows to observe
                      post-stroke inflammatory processes in the living animal in
                      an intraindividual and longitudinal fashion, predicting
                      long-term tissue fate. The non-invasive imaging methods do
                      not affect the immune system and have been applied to human
                      subjects before. Translation into clinical applications is
                      therefore feasible.},
      cin          = {INM-3},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-3-20090406},
      pnm          = {572 - (Dys-)function and Plasticity (POF3-572)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-572},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000351664700006},
      pubmed       = {pmid:25701708},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.02.024},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/188718},
}