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@PHDTHESIS{Schlag:188992,
      author       = {Schlag, Patrick},
      title        = {{L}ong {T}erm {A}erosol {C}omposition {M}easurements at the
                      {CESAR} {T}ower at {C}abauw, {NL}},
      volume       = {251},
      school       = {Universität Köln},
      type         = {Dissertation},
      address      = {Jülich},
      publisher    = {Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Zentralbibliothek, Verlag},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-02259},
      isbn         = {978-3-95806-037-1},
      series       = {Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich, Reihe Energie
                      $\&$ Umwelt / Energy and Environment},
      pages        = {iii, 228 S.},
      year         = {2015},
      note         = {Dissertation, Universität Köln, 2014},
      abstract     = {In this work, intensive mass spectrometric measurements of
                      PM$_{1}$ aerosol size distribution and chemical composition
                      were performed at Cabauw, the Netherlands, using a High
                      Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer
                      (HR-ToF-AMS), an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM),
                      a Thermal-Desorption Proton-Transfer-Reaction Time-of-Flight
                      Mass Spectrometer (TD-PTR-ToF-MS), and supplementary
                      instruments. The field campaigns took place in November
                      2011, during May to July 2012 (both periods with the AMS and
                      the collocated TD-PTR-MS) and between July 2012 and June
                      2013 (ACSM). Average total aerosol mass loadings of 9.26
                      $\mu$g m$^{−3}$, 6.40 $\mu$g m$^{−3}$, and 9.50 $\mu$g
                      m$^{−3}$ were observed during the campaign periods,
                      respectively. Within the ACSM campaign, 12 exceedances of
                      the PM$_{2.5}$ daily mean limit, established by the World
                      Health Organization(WHO), were observed. In almost all
                      campaigns, the highest contribution to total mass were seen
                      by nitrate (21\% - 39 \%, mainly as ammonium nitrate) and
                      organic compounds(23\% - 33 \%) on average, especially in
                      periods with relatively high total mass loadings(> 25 $\mu$g
                      m$^{−3}$). The presence of organic nitrate and excess
                      ammonium indicate the high impact of nitrogen containing
                      compounds on the formation and composition of ambient
                      aerosols in Cabauw. Factor analysis was applied to organic
                      aerosols (OA) for all data sets. AMS and ACSM data showed
                      that secondary organic aerosols (SOA, 53\% - 84\% average
                      contribution to OA) dominated the organic fraction
                      throughout all campaigns. A factor which is attributed to
                      humic-like substances (HULIS) was identified as a highly
                      oxidised background aerosol in Cabauw. Primary organic
                      aerosols (POA) were mainly emitted by traffic (8\% - 35\%
                      average contribution to OA) and biomass burning (8\% - 23
                      \%). A first approach of the application of factor analysis
                      to TD-PTR-MS data was performed in this work, showing good
                      agreement with factors obtained from the collocated AMS. The
                      dominance of secondary aerosol in PM$_{1}$ shows the high
                      importance of atmospheric ageing processes of aerosol
                      concentration at this rural site. Due to the large secondary
                      fraction of aerosol reduction of particulate mass is
                      challenging on a local scale.},
      keywords     = {Dissertation (GND)},
      cin          = {IEK-8},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {243 - Tropospheric trace substances and their
                      transformation processes (POF3-243)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-243},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)3 / PUB:(DE-HGF)11},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/188992},
}