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@ARTICLE{Faust:18984,
      author       = {Faust, U. and Hampe, N. and Rubner, W. and Kirchgeßner, N.
                      and Safran, S. and Hoffmann, B. and Merkel, R.},
      title        = {{C}yclic {S}tress at m{H}z {F}requencies {A}ligns
                      {F}ibroblasts in {D}irection of {Z}ero {S}train},
      journal      = {PLoS one},
      volume       = {6},
      issn         = {1932-6203},
      address      = {Lawrence, Kan.},
      publisher    = {PLoS},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-18984},
      pages        = {28963},
      year         = {2011},
      note         = {The work by Samuel Safran was funded by a grant from the
                      Isreal Science Foundation (grant number 54/08). The URL of
                      the foundation is http://www.isf.org.il/english/. No further
                      third party funding was received. The funders had no role in
                      study design, data collection and analysis, decision to
                      publish, or preparation of the manuscript.},
      abstract     = {Recognition of external mechanical signals is vital for
                      mammalian cells. Cyclic stretch, e.g. around blood vessels,
                      is one such signal that induces cell reorientation from
                      parallel to almost perpendicular to the direction of
                      stretch. Here, we present quantitative analyses of both,
                      cell and cytoskeletal reorientation of umbilical cord
                      fibroblasts. Cyclic strain of preset amplitudes was applied
                      at mHz frequencies. Elastomeric chambers were specifically
                      designed and characterized to distinguish between zero
                      strain and minimal stress directions and to allow accurate
                      theoretical modeling. Reorientation was only induced when
                      the applied stretch exceeded a specific amplitude,
                      suggesting a non-linear response. However, on very soft
                      substrates no mechanoresponse occurs even for high strain.
                      For all stretch amplitudes, the angular distributions of
                      reoriented cells are in very good agreement with a theory
                      modeling stretched cells as active force dipoles. Cyclic
                      stretch increases the number of stress fibers and the
                      coupling to adhesions. We show that changes in cell shape
                      follow cytoskeletal reorientation with a significant
                      temporal delay. Our data identify the importance of
                      environmental stiffness for cell reorientation, here in
                      direction of zero strain. These in vitro experiments on
                      cultured cells argue for the necessity of rather stiff
                      environmental conditions to induce cellular reorientation in
                      mammalian tissues.},
      keywords     = {Actin Cytoskeleton: metabolism / Actins: metabolism / Cell
                      Shape / Elasticity / Elastomers / Fibroblasts: cytology /
                      Fibroblasts: metabolism / Humans / Mechanotransduction,
                      Cellular / Phosphorylation / Phosphotyrosine: metabolism /
                      Stress Fibers: metabolism / Stress, Mechanical / Tensile
                      Strength / Thermodynamics / Time Factors / Vinculin:
                      metabolism / Actins (NLM Chemicals) / Elastomers (NLM
                      Chemicals) / Vinculin (NLM Chemicals) / Phosphotyrosine (NLM
                      Chemicals) / J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICS-7},
      ddc          = {500},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)ICS-7-20110106},
      pnm          = {BioSoft: Makromolekulare Systeme und biologische
                      Informationsverarbeitung},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK505},
      shelfmark    = {Biology},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:22194961},
      pmc          = {pmc:PMC3241701},
      UT           = {WOS:000298664400028},
      doi          = {10.1371/journal.pone.0028963},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/18984},
}